Impact of Meat Import Restrictions

Impact of Meat Import Restrictions Analysis of the impact if Iceland’s government would decrease import restrictions on fresh meat on Icelandic consumers and producers of meat Abstract Foreign trade is always increasing and all governments around the world try to protect some of their core domestic industries by applying various of restrictions to keep import at a minimum. Importation of fresh meat to Iceland is prohibited but forces with in consumers’ welfare organizations are pressuring for these restrictions to be reduced and opening the market up for foreign competition. If the market would open up then consumers would get lower prices, producers would probably have to lower their prices and production. It is crucial for the producers to appeal to consumers loyalty on Icelandic meat and prove their quality. Margrà ©t Guà °nà ½ Vigfà ºsdà ³ttir Introduction In Iceland, like many other countries, agriculture is a significant part of history, sustainability and food security. In early 20th century agriculture started facing difficulties in which leaded to the government taking actions by subsidizing the industry. Import restrictions also protect domestic industry to this day. Geographic outlines, climate and distance from world markets cause high production cost, high transportation cost and poor terms of trade. Market conditions are often blamed for high food prices in Iceland especially because of small population and small market. This small market is therefore uneconomical in production, management and trade and the advantages of economies of scale are not possible like in other neighbouring countries of Europe for instance (Snorrason, 2006). Iceland’s participation in world trade for example in the European Economic Area (EEA) and Word Trade Organization (WTO) has opened the possibility of increased import of agriculture goods but the foreign market has not yet threatened Icelandic meat producers due to import restrictions (Þorgeirsson, Bjarnadà ³ttir, Sveinsson, 2004). The import restriction are in form of high tariffs, import quotas and strict import permits, several certificates and documentation confirming that the product have been stored at a temperature of at least -18 °C for 30 days and a certificate confirming the that the products are free of salmonella (EFTA Surveillance Authoroty, 2014). The Icelandic Competition Authorities, Consumer Protecting Agency and other organizations have complained that the restrictions prevent healthy competition and leave consumers worse off. Recently the EFTA Surveillance Authority concluded a reasoned opinion that Iceland’s restriction on importation of fresh meat in breach of EEA law (EFTA Surveillance Authoroty, 2014). The Icelandic government argues that these restrictions are necessary for Icelandic healthcare due to possible infection to Icelandic farm animals. Iceland is an isolated island and farm animals stocks like lamb have stayed the same for decades. This means that Icelandic farm anima ls are much more vulnerable to diseases with worse immune system than the farm animals on the main lands of Europe. Along with these import restrictions on selected agriculture products the Icelandic government also subsidizes the agriculture industry by guaranteeing minimum price to farmers. Some have criticise that Icelandic farmers are overindulgent by the government compared to other nations and because of this farmers/producers can offer higher prices than they would in more competitive market. The Market An oligopoly is a market with few large firms holding the majority of the market. They offer similar products but try to differentiate to be more desirable than the next. Firms in oligopoly market are said to be interdependent which mean that they will consider their own actions influenced with how the rivals might respond (Mankiw Taylor, 2014). The Icelandic meat producers market is an oligopoly. The four largest producers of meat had 56% market share in 2010 (Icelandic Competition Authority, 2012). The market is small due to small population, which leads to uneconomic production, management and trade compared to larger countries. Price on meat was 38% lower in the EU states on average in 2009 (Kristà ³fersson Bjarnadà ³ttir, 2011). Economies of scale are hard to obtain due to high capital cost, seasonal fluctuation and only the few large producers have sufficient economies of scale compared to the size of the market (Jà ³hannesson Agnarsson, 2004). These facts make it harder to enter the market for new comers (entry barrier). It is important for all producers to know how consumers respond to changes in price. The price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to a change in price (Mankiw Taylor, 2014). Price elasticity of goods can vary, necessities are often rather inelastic, that is, the percentage change in demand is small when prices change (PE1). Most agriculture products like meat are inelastic goods (although specific types of meat are elastic due to close substitutes, from pork to beef for example) as food is a necessity. Consumers maintain the consumptions of them despite changes in price (Jà ³hannesson Agnarsson, 2004). Welfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Consumer and producer surplus is used to measure the benefits to consumers and producers of trading. When government introduces taxes, tariffs and quotas it creates a deadweight loss. Deadweight loss is the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion such as tax (Mankiw Taylor, 2014). Import Restriction Impact on Economic Welfare Icelandic importers can not import meat unless it has gone through various examinations and been frozen for at least 30 days. Frozen meat is of course not fresh and therefor are no imports on fresh meat allowed. Now lets use the tools of economics to see how this affects consumers, producers and the economic welfare. The demand is rather inelastic as explained earlier. We assume that the supply is close to unit elastic due to various factors pulling in either direction. The world supply on the other hand is elastic since it is a very large competitive market. We will keep these assumptions about elasticity’s out this chapter. To simplify, impact of taxation is ignored. Figure 1 shows current status on Icelandic fresh meat market. No fresh meat is bought from foreign suppliers and consumer surplus (green) is the area A and producers surplus (red) is the area B+C. Figure 1: Current Fresh Meat Market with out Trade Now lets see what happens if Icelandic government relieves the import restrictions on fresh meat. Figure 2 shows that consumer surplus gains a lot and equals the area A+B’+D while producer’s surplus reduces (B-B’=B’’) and equals the area C+B’’. The price falls and since the domestic quantity supplied (DQS) is less than the domestic quantity demanded (DQD) the difference has to be imported. Figure 2: If Restrictions were Removed (with out Tariffs and Quotas) Figure 2 does not shows what would happen in current situation because of import tariffs and import quotas. The import tariff on meat from nations within EU and EFTA is 18% and 30% from other nations. Nations with in EU are allowed to import to Iceland limited amount (tariff-quota) of pork, poultry and beef (no lamb) with out tariff . On the other hand, the Import quotas are sold to the highest bidder leading to little or no gain from the free trade to the importer (Icelandic Federation of Labour, 2007). To get the idea of how things might be if the restrictions were relieved we look at the meat market in general, including frozen and processed meat. In 2010 the market share of imported meat was 3%, which is a very small percentage (Icelandic Competition Authority, 2012). The high tariffs and quotas keep the import level at a minimum. Figure 3 shows how the market is with tariff and quota, assuming for simplicity that they cross the domestic demand at the same quantity. The area for consumer surplus has now increased, from what we saw in figure 1, by area B’+G and producer surplus has decreased by area B’. The government revenue (yellow), area E, is added since there is tariff added to the world supply and quotas sold. The deadweight loss (orange), or loss to society, from this tariff and quota is area D+F. The price falls slightly from P1 to P2, domestic quantity demanded increases and domestic quantity supplied decreases. Meat has to be imported to meet the demand fro m DQS to DQD (it is likely that the ratio of import is much smaller than indicated in figure 3 compared to current 3% import market share). Figure 3: If Restrictions were Relieved (Current Meat Market) We can see by comparing figure 3 to figure 1 that both government and consumers gain surplus while producers are worse off resulting in total surplus change of area +G+E (table 1). This infers that removing restrictions will raise the economic wellbeing. Table 1: Changes in Economic Welfare if Restrictions Relieved With restrictions Without restrictions Change Consumer surplus A A+G+B’ +B’+G Producers surplus C+B C+B-B’ -B’ Government revenue None E +E Total surplus A+C+B A+C+B+E +G+E Import restrictions are not the only thing that the Icelandic Consumer Organization and others want to be taken action on. As mentioned before high tariffs and quotas keep the imports of meat at a minimum. It is not cost efficient to import fresh meat and therefore the tariff income on fresh meat to the Icelandic government is not substantial. In a report the Icelandic Statistical Bureau published in 2006 about reasons for high food prices in Iceland it was indicated that if tariffs would be reduced by half on main agriculture products the income loss for the government would be 145 million ISK, but on the other hand the rise in income due to increased turnover would be 900 million ISK (Snorrason, 2006). Now lets assume that import quotas will be removed and import tariffs lowered as shown in figure 4. Figure 4: If Restrictions and Quotas were Relieved as well as Tariff Reduction. The price consumers pay will fall from P2 to P3. Domestic quantity supplied will decrease and domestic demand will increase leading in larger import. Table 2 shows the changes of reducing import tariffs and removing quota. The total change in total surplus will be the area +D’’+F’’+D’’’+F’’’. Table 2: Changes in Economic Welfare if Quotas were Removed and Tariffs Reduced Before lowering tariffs After lowering tariffs Change Consumer surplus A+G+B’ A+G+B’+B’’’+D’’+E’+F’’ +B’’’+D’’+E’+F’’ Producers surplus C+B-B’ C+B-B’-B’’’ -B’’’ Government revenue E E-E’+D’’’+F’’’ -E’+D’’’+F’’’ Total surplus A+G+C+B+E A+G+C+B+D’’+D’’’ +F’’+F’’’ +D’’+F’’+D’’’+F’’’ The total surplus change from figure 1 to figure 4 is then the area G+E+D’’+F’’+D’’’+F’’’. This area is the measure off how much the market increases it’s welfare. There are always losers and winners in trade. In this case the producers would always be the looser since import tariffs and quotas are always to protect the domestic producers. Consumers and the government are winners in this case with lower price to consumers and increased revenue for the Government. The Government could then use that revenue to increase subsidizes to the domestic production to keep up their competitiveness to the world market. Impact of lifting import restrictions What would Icelandic consumers gain if import restriction where relieved. The Consumer Protection Agency argues that because of the poor status of the Icelandic currency ISK and current tariffs the Icelandic producers have nothing to fear. When import restrictions on tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers from Europe where relieved in 2002 some predicted that domestic production would stop. The outcome was on the other hand that prices of these goods decreased, domestic production increased and producers gained more profit. This will be the case for fresh meat as well. Supply and variety of meat will increase and consumers will have better alternatives (Icelandic Consumer Organisation, 2013). Tariff protection does not protect the agriculture producers but gives shelter for high price on competitive and substitution goods. The impact of reducing tariff protection would have a big impact on the agriculture producers and some might not be able to compete with the world market. Therefore it would be important to support the agriculture producers by increased subsidizes and other operations optimizing while lowering tariffs (Snorrason, 2006). The impact of relieving import restrictions on fresh meat and lowering tariffs on meat in general could lead to Iceland being dependent on foreign market concerning food security. Foreign markets might face shock to their production, such as animal disease or crop failure and would that lead to shortage and/or significant price change for Icelanders at least in the short run (Jà ³hannesson T. , 2004). Will consumers be loyal to Icelandic production In economics there is a principle that says that people respond to incentives. The consumer knows what he wants when two or more alternatives are available, he is consistent in the way that if he choses product A rather than B and product B rather than C, that he will then choose A rather than C. He also chooses more quantity of quality rather than less quantity of quality, for example he chooses three apples instead of two apples if the price is the same. Most people are though aware that they can consume less that they desire because their spending is constrained, or limited, by their income (Mankiw Taylor, 2014). In reality this is not so simple as indicated above. The experience of Finland and Sweden joining the European union (free trade) showed that consumers are willing to pay higher prices for domestic produced goods compared to similar imported goods. In the case of Icelandic vegetables, Icelanders are willing to pay 10% more than for imported vegetables (Kristà ³fersson Bjarnadà ³ttir, 2011). Research has shown that 62% of Icelandic consumers think Icelandic meat is of more quality that foreign meat, 26% would pay 6%-10% higher price for Icelandic meat and 21% would pay 11-15% higher price. When consumers where asked if they would rather buy foreign cheaper meat, 35% said yes, 45% no and 20% where undecided (Þà ³rhallsdà ³ttir, 2012). These numbers indicate that if import restrictions where relieved or reduced then Icelandic producers of meat have to step up and show their advantages to consumers to keep their loyalty. For example show their proximity to the market, production methods, quality and nutrition level (Þà ³rhallsdà ³ttir, 2012). Conclusion The world is always getting smaller and smaller with globalization and increased trade. The pressure on Icelandic government to reduce restrictions on importing fresh meat will only increase by time. If the Icelandic government cannot prove that import of raw meat harms the health of humans and animals they will have to reduce import restriction from countries with in EU. Icelandic farmers and producers of meat need to prepare for the market opening up by promoting them self among consumers and differentiate. All restriction reduction on import including quotas and tariffs benefit the consumers, it’s just a matter of how much. Increased competition could also lead to production improvement with in the meat farmers/producers and increase their turnover and profit like the vegetable industry experienced. Since the coverage on changes in economic welfare in this paper were only theoretical it would be interesting to see a research report on the real influences in numbers, similar to the report of the Statistical Bureau in 2006 about food prices. References EFTA Surveillance Authoroty. (2014, October 8). EFTA Surveillance Authoroty. Retrieved December 5, 2014 from Questions and answers Fresh meat case: http://www.eftasurv.int/media/press-releases/ESA_Questions_and_Answers_(EN)_-_The_Icelandic_Fresh_meat_case.pdf EFTA Surveillance Authoroty. (2014, October 8). EFTA Surveillance Authoroty. Retrieved December 11, 2014 from Internal Market: Icelands restrictions on the importation of fresh meat in breach of EEA law : http://www.eftasurv.int/presspublications/press-releases/internal-market/nr/2345 Icelandic Competition Authority. (2012). Verà °Ãƒ ¾rà ³un og samkeppni à ¡ dagvà ¶rumarkaà °i [Price developments competition on convenience market]. Reykjavà ­k: Icelandic Competition Authority. Icelandic Consumer Organisation. (2013, March 14). Icelandic Consumer Organisation. Retrieved December 5, 2014 from Um innfllutning à ¡ hrà ¡u kjà ¶ti [About imports on raw meat]: http://www.ns.is/is/content/um-innflutning-hrau-kjoti Icelandic Federation of Labour. (2007, March 23). Icelandic Federation of Labour. Retrieved December 10, 2014 from Breytingar à ¡ tollum 1. mars 2007 [Changes on tariffs 1. March 2007]: http://www.asi.is/media/6401/230307tollarbreytingar.pdf Jà ³hannesson, S., Agnarsson, S. (2004). Bà ³nid er bà ºstà ³lpi, bà º er landstà ³lpi [Farmer is the man of the house, a farm is a pillar of the commuity]. University of Iceland, Institute of Economics. Reykjavà ­k: Oddi hf. Jà ³hannesson, T. (2004). Framleià °slukerfi à ­ bà ºfjà ¡rrà ¦kt [Production system for livestock raising]. Education conference of the agriculture industry (pp. 55-60). Reykjavà ­k: Iclandic Farmers Association. Kristà ³fersson, D. M., Bjarnadà ³ttir, E. (2011). Staà °a à ­slenks landbà ºnaà °ar gagnvart aà °ild aà ° Evrà ³pusambandinu [Icelands agruculture status towards membership of the European Union]. Mankiw, N. G., Taylor, M. P. (2014). Economics. Andover: Cengage Learning . Snorrason, H. (2006). Skà ½rsla formanns nefndar sem forsà ¦tisrà ¡Ãƒ °herra skipaà °i 16. janà ºar 2006 til à ¾ess aà ° fjalla um helstu orsakaà ¾Ãƒ ¦tti hà ¡s matarverà °s à ¡ à slandi og gera tillà ¶gur sem mià °a aà ° à ¾và ­ aà ° fà ¦ra matvà ¦laverà ° nà ¦r à ¾và ­ sem gegnur og gerist à ­ nà ¡grannarà ­kjunum [Report from the presitend of a committe that was nominated 16th of January 2006 by the prime minister to adress the main triggers to high food price in Iceland and make a suggestion to bring food price down to same level as in neighbouring countries]. Reykjavà ­k: Icelandic Statistical Bureau. Þorgeirsson, S., Bjarnadà ³ttir, E., Sveinsson, Þ. E. (2004). Atvinnuvegur à ¡ krossgà ¶tum Staà °a bà ºgreina à ¡ breyttum tà ­mum [Industry on crossroads Farming position in different times]. Education conference of the agriculture industry (pp. 61-73). Reykjavà ­k: Iclandic Farmers Association. Þà ³rhallsdà ³ttir, S. A. (2012). Vià °horf à ­slenskra neytenda til landbà ºnaà °arframleià °slu à hrifaà ¾Ãƒ ¦ttir à ­ kjà ¶tneyslu- [Icelandic consumers attitude towards agricutlure products Factors influencing meat cunsumption -]. Agricultural University of Iceland, Natural Resources Department. Reykjavà ­k: Agricultural University of Iceland.

Break Even Analysis

The above breakeven analysis of each variable displays the combination of the variables that result in a break-even position for the Beta project at ABC Corporation. For example, the 6% sales growth rate would result in a break-even for the project if the operating expenses grow at 8%. Other ratios are derived from sales and operating expenses so that their growth rates are also reflective of the â€Å"critical† rates – below these rates, the break-even would be violated.The forecasts of the variables depict the estimates made by ABC Corporation for each of the variables in the context of market information and judgment. In this case, all of the values are above the critical value thus it has to be re-calculated whether the combination results in a break-even or not. For example, the operating expenses growth rate increased by 46. 7% while sales growth rate was up by only 14. 3%. The balancing factors have to re-evaluated in order to deduce whether the break-even is ach ieved or not.This can be done by adding up the values in the %change column – assigning a positive to sales/revenue increases and a negative to cost heads. b. Which variables are most critical to the success of the beta project? (2 points) There are two methods of judging the critical factors to the success of this project: one would be to compare the critical values of the different variables while the other would be find the variances of each of the percentage changes in the values of different variables.Following the first method, it would lead to the conclusion that the gross profit margin is the most critical factor having a 28% critical value. Following the second method, the operating expenses would be the most critical variable. The justification for each of the methods stands valid in their grounds. However, for this project, it would be more suitable to state that the operating expenses is the most critical factor followed closely by the base sales for 2008 and then the gross profit margin. c. Why would it be helpful to know which variables are most critical to the success of the project?(5 points) Projects often fail when managers and controllers spend time and money on processes covering variables that are of little importance. Understanding the critical factors of a project helps project managers to focus on the processes that are relatively more important and achieve targets that would satisfy the critical limits of the variables. Essentially speaking, critical variables should be known in order to make decisions as the project progresses and decide where and when to make changes that would affect the critical variables (and how will it affect the

What to Expect From Research Paper Putline?

What to Expect From Research Paper Putline? A Startling Fact about Research Paper Putline Uncovered You could also see resume outline. An outline is going to be a reminder for you to include all the crucial subtleties in it. Your outline is a handy tool which will help you organize your thoughts before you start your draft. Aside from a report outline and a presentation outline, a research paper outline is among the most frequent types of outlines you're very likely to encounter in any particular field. The Tried and True Method for Research Paper Putline in Step by Step Detail No matter whichever one that you opt to use, you have to be consistent throughout your essay. Without regard to the character of your research, if you're writing a paper an outline can help you to not just organize your thoughts, but in addition act as the template for your whole paper. Do not right justify your whole essay and don't automatically format hyphens if you're utilizing a word processor to type your essay. The MLA format stipulates the vital guidelines for effectively writing an essay based on the MLA standards. All About Research Paper Putline After reading the thesis, there ought to be no doubt precisely what the research will be about. A good deal of students feel the desire to get started writing immediately, although should you speak to any professor out there, they will let you know how an excellent instance of a research paper is always superseded with a terrific plan. Some students simply don't have sufficient knowledge for a definite job. Students who must do part-time jobs discover that it's extremely hard to provide time to writing their research paper outline example. Ok, I Think I Understand Research Paper Putline, Now Tell Me About Research Paper Putline! Your research paper is at least as superior as your outline is. An essential part of any research paper outline is going to be a literature review. You may also get help on the best way t o write research paper outline example at their site. A short and comprehensive research paper outline template might be your guides. Choosing Research Paper Putline For the purpose, the exact same instructions about how to compose a research paper suggest using simple grammar structures, active voice and so forth. Make the reader believe the given paper comprises the handy details on the appropriate problem and matters for the growth of science. You'll also wish to consider utilizing a literature overview. Then you ought to build a case with the aid of logic. You should be aware that there are two outlines, which you might use for your research paper. Specify what you expected at the start of the research and that which you have now. All the ideal research paper examples begin with a great research paper outline. When outlining your research paper, you need to have all your researched materials at hand to make certain that all sub-topics aren't overlooked. A great research paper writing company is a fantastic company that gives students with internet research paper help. Let's consider the components of your research program and the way to compose a structured outline that will permit you to begin a research paper as rapidly and effectively as possible. What Everybody Dislikes About Research Paper Putline and Why You can also state what kind of approach it is you'll use in your paper for the full discussion of your topic. There are a couple tips on how to compose your abstract but the very best advice is that you look at some journals related to your research and attempt to format your abstract in a similar way. In other words, an outline supplies you great aid when you want to combine and assess a research paper, professional report or some other document for the reason that it permits you to see certain links between different areas of writing. A research paper on-line template is among the beneficial tool for writing a researc h topic. The Definitive Strategy for Research Paper Putline What comes next is dependent on the way the work is presented in the true version you're using. Since an outline breaks down the all vital elements of your bit of writing in a very clear and ordered manner to generate the writing process fluent for you, it has to be prepared carefully utilizing all vital data and data. The paper should get off to a good beginning in regard to clarifying unfamiliar information as not to depart from your readers puzzled. For your research paper example to get going, you will need to announce your introduction with few sentences that show what type of research questions you'll be asking.

Should Banning Books Be Banned - 1745 Words

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Specifically, African American students made up 14.3% of the overall student population; the Hispanic student population was 47.2%; and 34.8% of the s tudent population was White. The smallest groups represented included Native American and Asian/Pacific Islanders with Native American students and teachers representing only 0.3% of students (Texas Education Agency, 2009). According to demographic projections, minority populationsRead MoreUnderstanding And Influencing Educational Adaptability Among At Risk African American Students Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pages Understanding and Influencing Educational Adaptability Among At-Risk African American Students : The Role of Administration Edward A. Delgado Texas AM University – San Antonio I certify that I am the author of this paper titled Understanding and Influencing Educational Adaptability among At-Risk African American Students: The Role of Administration, and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited

Bonnie and Clyde Beginning of a New Hollywood Era Free Essays

BONNIE AND CLYDE : â€Å"Beginning of the New Hollywood Era. † Bonnie and Clyde is a 1967 American crime film about Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, the criminal version of Romeo and Juliet, the true story of the most beloved yet infamous outlaws, robbers and convicts who journeyed the Central United States during the Great Depression. The film was directed by Arthur Penn, and stars Faye Dunaway as Bonnie Parker, and Warren Beatty as Clyde Barrow. We will write a custom essay sample on Bonnie and Clyde: Beginning of a New Hollywood Era or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bonnie and Clyde is reckoned as one of the 60s’ most talked-about, volatile, controversial crime/gangster films combining comedy, terror, love, and ferocious violence, and regarded as one of the first films of the New Hollywood era, in which it broke many taboos and was so popular amongst the younger generation. After its success, it encouraged other filmmakers to be more forward about presenting sex and violence in their films. The film was intended as a romantic and comic version of the violent gangster films of the 1930s, updated with modern filmmaking techniques. To begin with the film opens with a lap dissolve from a golden, old-style Warner Bros shield, grainy, unglamorous, blurry, sepia-toned snapshots of the Barrow and Parker families (at the time of Bonnie and Clyde’s childhood) play on a black background, accompanied by the loud clicking sound of a camera shutter (The credit titles are interspersed with flashes of more semi-documentary, brownish-tinged pictures) to an extreme close up of Bonnie applying ruby red lipstick. The implication of the lap dissolve is that they will be linked in the film, and that love will be involved. The sound bridge also emphasis love, as the song concludes with the words â€Å"deep in the arms of love† and further links Clyde and Bonnie. So from the start, Penn introduces the love story as central to the film, and view everything that follows from within this framework. A subsequent pan right results in a close up of Bonnie reflected in a mirror, revealing her face and her styled hair. The camera does a clever little dance insuring that Dunaway shows plenty of skin without really revealing anything, as jagged jump cuts slice away whenever her motion within the rame threatens to bring her nudity across the line of acceptability. The medium shot that follows shows the water marks in the ceiling and wall of her low-income frame house, indicating her dire financial straits. When she she flings herself down on her bed, the bars both run diagonally across the screen and cast shadows across her face indicating for us the prison she feels she feels she’s in as she repeate dly strikes the cage surrounding her. Based on how she saw herself in the mirror, she clearly thinks she deserves better. The following close up (when she grabs the bars) and zoom into an extreme close up of her eyes reflects her torment. As the camera holds her face, we can see the resignation in her face as she turns to get dressed for work. Bonnie is trapped in a dead end life. By stressing this aspect of her life, Penn has us initially glimpse Bonnie in the best possible light. This scene also explains Bonnie’s following actions in two ways. First is that she understands exactly how Clyde must have felt in prison when they later meet, establishing an immediate bond between them. The second is that, when Clyde tells her that he cut off two of his toes to get out of a work detail, she believes him for the man of action he portrays himself to be , (â€Å"Boy, did you really do that. †). This compares favorably with her desire to rise above her own dull circumstance and take action within her own life. It’s understandable then when Bonnie rides off in the car stolen by a man who has robbed a grocery store, who she has only known a few minutes (but has connected with emotionally. ) The idea of a decent young woman in a dead end town working a dead end job during the Great Depression escaping with a convicted felon is made even more acceptable by the mise-en-scene and cinematography. The deep focus of the opening scene allows us to see her room humbly decorated with a small, vulgar collection of porcelain figurines and a rag doll, and a few family photographs are tacked on the drab wall. These details allow us to see Bonnie as an ordinary person. Likewise, Clyde is portrayed as a clean cut gentleman with white fedora hat, white shirt, and tie and jacket, and a bright white smile. His jacket, a warm brown earthy brown, softens any inclinations we may have of him as a criminal after Bonnie catches him about to steal her mother’s car. The mise-en-scene on the long tracking shot down an empty Main Street (except for one elderly Negro sitting on a bench in front of the barber shop) in the small, rural, Southwest Texas town allows us to connect the hard times and limited opportunities (boarded up stores) that surround Bonnie and Clyde and then a close-up of Clyde’s face. Clyde’s mouth is dominated by objects, like the Coke bottle and the match, which demonstrate his confidence. Perhaps, a close-up shot is used instead of the standard wide shot is to emphasize this aspect of Clyde’s personality. When Bonnie rubs the tip of the bottle of coke across her lips and flicks her tongue in her mouth as she watches Clyde gulped his and smiles, the shot is closed-up to emphasize Bonnie’s sexual curiousity. In a longer shot, Bonnie both turns aways from Clyde, but then turns back toward him in order to give him another opportunity to prove his violence, Clyde pulled out his gun and clandestinely showing it to her. The wide shot allows this action to play out on screen – both her change in attitude as well as his last effort. The wide shot also manages to obstruct the gun from the audience’s view by not showing it in close-up until later. From this still frame, it’s even difficult to see what the object that he pulls from his pocket is exactly. Then, a quick close-up of Bonnie’s face presents her intrigue at seeing Clyde’s gun. to a close-up of Clyde’s gun as he holds it at his waist and points it in her direction. The Coke bottles are now put away and missing from the last couple close-ups as their relationship moves onto the next stage. The establishing shot of the main street in town introduces the flat, empty, barren country all around them. After Clyde robs the grocery store and during their first escape in the stolen car, the scenes are pretty much rough cuts of Bonnie smothering Clyde with hugs and kisses as they careen down the dusty country road. During the hurried getaway, banjo music by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs (â€Å"Foggy Mountain Breakdown†) plays on the soundtrack – theme music that accompanies their escapes. This piece of music later will be repeated in lots of scenes. In the end of the clip, We’ll be introduced to the us-against the world theme, where Bonnie and Clyde engaged in a rather serious conversation where after Clyde diverting her physical arousal, entices Bonnie into a glamorous life with his own unrealistic, ignorant and childish fantasies of freedom, wealth and fame. He encourages her to think of him as the answer to her dreams – they could make history together. The fact is, on the whole, Bonnie and Clyde is driven by the quality of its performances, by the multiple layers and nuances these actors bring to their legendary characters. Most of the characters are portrayed as accurately as possible, however, it seems like the life of Bonnie and Clyde were simplified and exaggerated in the film, in order to keep the film exciting and also convey the emotions and ideas that scenes are trying to get across. Like in the scene when Bonnie first realizes that Clyde isn’t much a â€Å"loverboy†, it pours out loads of bullshits about how Clyde, nevertheless, saw something special in Bonnie, which Bonnie buys it, when if you’re realistic enough considering her insecurity and desperation to escape her small town ennui, but the director seems to expect the audience to buy it as well, to see this tale as a Hollywood tragic love story. And of course in the end, this is an exceedingly shocking film, that brings tragedy full circle, all that more affecting with the disarming comedy, which always seemed to intensify the serious tone. However, overall, Bonnie and Clyde has succeeded as one of the first films to bring a new, tougher sensibility to mainstream Hollywood filmmaking, a sensibility that would come to define the new American cinema as the 60s transitioned into the 70s. It is an openly violent and sexualized vision of the famous criminal couple, testing the boundaries of screen representation. And that’s pretty much the time when we say hello to the New Hollywood Era. How to cite Bonnie and Clyde: Beginning of a New Hollywood Era, Papers

Research Methods Process of Developing the Research Question

Questions: 1. Describe the process of how you developed the Research Question (in other words, what sort of research activities did you do?) 2. What is the working/draft Research Question that you have developed, based on the process? 3. What is the knowledge gap that you seek to fill with this research? 4. What type of methods will best suit your research (i.e. qualitative, quantitative, mixed), and why? 5. Outline and justify the proposed research methodology. Discuss the rationale for your selection of the following: (a). research techniques (b). brief outline of data collection (c). proposed analyses. Answers: 1. Process of developing the research question I developing my research question, I focused a lot on the pertinent issues that the society faces in the health sector and some of the major constraints faced by health providers while carrying out their duties. I began formulating my research question by focusing on the broad topic of health and how health care determines the economic welfare of people in the society. I embarked on the health as my research topic because the topic can be studied due to the research gaps on the topic. I listed all the possible research questions about health that could be answered during my research. Out of the many questions listed, I ranked the items according to the order of their relevance and urgency in health. After ranking the questions, I chose the best question the one which is neither too narrow nor too broad to be researched upon. In deciding which research question is best, I researched on the sources of information for the research that are available and able to answer my research questi on and how reliable are they. I found that there were enough and reliable sources for the research question to be fully answered. My knowledge also guided me in choosing then research question and the availability of the gaps in the research topic were also considered. Before embarking on the research topic, I subjected my research question on a rigorous evaluation to determine the possibility of successfully completing the research. 2. Research question What is the effect of technological innovation on health care provision? 3. Research gap In the past, researchers have carried out research about information technology and its relevance to healthcare provision focusing so much on the information recording and keeping (Kelley, 2016). Very little has been done about how technology can reduce the expenditure on health, improve decision making, improve health care access and facilitate ample communication between health care providers and patients (Barham, 2014). Research need to be done to evaluate on what role does technology innovation play in health care provision and majorly focus on decision making, communication improvement and medical access to patients (Issel, 2015). In the past, researchers have not given attention research on some of the barriers to successfully implement technology in the healthcare system and methods in which theses obstacles can be overcome so that patients receive improved health care (Berkowitz McCarthy, 2013). Methods of research Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used in this research for various reasons. One primary reason for using both methods of research is the kind of information needed to clearly address the aforementioned research question and come up with a broad conclusion. Another reason for mixed research is the fact that research question requires both primary and secondary data to be fully answered (Bassett, 2004). The research question is wide and needs comprehensive data and information to be fully addressed. Research methodology The research methodology will involve the use of both qualitative and quantitative tools of data collection but will mostly rely on qualitative data for most of its analysis focusing on social aspects of health and how it can be improved by use of technological innovations(Patton Patton, 2002). First, the research will begin by gathering information from various books and other secondary sources about the roles that technology plays in healthcare provision (Issel, 2015). The information will be collected from different books, journals, articles and previous researches that were done information documented in the library database. Data will also be gathered from various primary sources using interviews, surveys, questionnaires and by observations. Initially, a survey will be conducted to measure how satisfied diverse groups of people are with the provision of health care services in public and private healthcare institutions (Liamputtong, 2011). The target group for this research will vary from college and university students, locals, medical staff and all the people that receive medical services from various health care institutions in both the public and private hospitals. The research will focus on using descriptive analysis method due to the nature of the research question that should be answered. During the research, I will administer a survey to selected samples of college and university students, locals, and health care workers. The purpose of using a survey for this research is because the study aims at collecting data from specified samples of the population (Liamputtong, 2011). Furthermore, the survey instruments that will be used for this research will be questionnaires and interviews to the targeted samples. Since the research involves the collection of information about the quality of health and technology utilized in the provision of healthcare services, surveys are the most appropriate method of data collection. Furthermore, surveys are a key tool to conducting social and basic science researchers. Theirs is a significant advantage of using questionnaires as survey instruments as opposed to interviews because they are easy to administer, c an be administered to several sample groups and respondents are assured of the confidentiality than personal interviews. Moreso, after considering the cost of data collection when using personal interviews and questionnaires, it became clear that questionnaires are cost effective. Because of the above-mentioned advantages, the research will mostly employ questionnaires in data collection. Proposed analyses Data analysis for this research will be done using both statistical and descriptive analysis techniques. Before the actual data analysis, information collected from the surveys will be checked for completeness and correctness. After data has been confirmed for the two features, data will be keyed into the database for analysis to produce the output. Computer programs such as Stata and SPSS will be used for the analysis of data and results be recorded in the table. During the analysis, all incomplete surveys will be canceled and not included in the analysis process. Descriptive tools and frequency tables will be constructed to present the results in an organized manner for various groups of people to interpret the data. References Lyon, F., Mollering, G., Saunders, M. N. K. (2011). Handbook of Research Methods on Trust. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub. Newell, R., Burnard, P., Newell, R. (2011). Research for evidence-based practice in healthcare. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Chatburn, R. L. (2011). Handbook for health care research. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Krueger, R. A., Casey, M. A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research White, P. (2009). Developing research questions: A guide for social scientists. Basingstoke [England: Palgrave Macmillan. Bassett, C. (2004). Qualitative research in health care. London: Whurr. Denicolo, P., Becker, L. (2012). Developing Research Proposals. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. Issel, L. (2015). Health care changes and research gaps. Health Care Management Review, 40(2), 91. Daim, T. U., Behkami, N. A., Basoglu, N., Kok, O. M., Hogaboam, L. (2016). Healthcare technology innovation adoption: Electronic health records and other emerging health information technology innovations. Barham, L. (2014). Research gaps and Health Technology Assessment. Farmeconomia. Health Economics And Therapeutic Pathways, 15(2). Kelley, T. (2016). Electronic health records for quality nursing health care / Tiffany Kelley. Berkowitz, L., McCarthy, C. (2013). Innovation with information technologies in healthcare. London: Springer. Fasano, P. (2013). Transforming health care: The financial impact of technology, electronic tools, and data mining. Liamputtong, P. (2011). Focus Group Methodology: Principle and Practice Omona, J. (2013). Sampling in Qualitative Research: Improving the Quality of Research Outcomes in Higher Education. Mak. J. High. Edu., 4(2). Ozerdem, A., Bowd, R. (2010). Participatory research methodologies: Development and post-disaster/conflict reconstruction. Farnham, England: Ashgate. Patton, M. Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.