Role of Immigrants in the American Civil War :: American America History

Role of Immigrants in the American Civil War For minorities, as for opposite Americans, the Civil War was anopportunity to prove their valor and loyalty. Among the basic musteredinto the Union Army were a De Kalb regiment of German American clerks, theGaribakdi Guards made up of Italian Americans, a Polish Legion, andhundreds of Irish American youths form Boston and New York. But in Ohioand Washington, D.C., African American volunteers were turned away fromrecruiting stations and told, This is a white mans war. Some citizensquestioned the loyalty of immigrants who lived in crowded city tenementsuntil an Italian American from Brooklyn turned that around. In the NewYork Senate, Democrat Francis Spinola had been a vigorous antagonist ofRepublican policies and Lincoln. But now he swore his loyalty withstirring words, This is my flag, which I will follow and defend. Thisspeech gave spectacular assurance that the masses in the great cities weredevoted to the Union and read y to enlist for its defense. More than 400,000 European immigrants fought for the Union,including more(prenominal) than 170,00 Germans and more than 150,00 Irish. Many sawtheir services as a proud sacrifice. The first officer to die for theUnion was Captain Constatin Blandowski, one of many immigrants who earlierhad fought for freedom in Europe and then joined Lincolns army. Born in stop number Silesia and trained at Dresden, Germany, he was a veteran ofdemocratic struggles - a Polish revolt at Krakow, the Polish Legionsbattles against Austria, and the Hungarian fight for independence. Somenationalities contributed more than their share of Union soldiers. Some immigrants realise the Congressional Medal of Honor. ItalianAmerican officer Louis di Cesnola, was the Colonel of the 4th CavalryRegiment. At Aldie, Virginia, in 1863, he earned the Medal of Honor andwas appointed a general. He charged unarmed at the foe, read his citation,rallied his men ...until desper ately wounded and taken prisoner inaction. In 1879 Cesnola became director of New Yorks MetropolitanMuseum of Art. The museum then became, wrote a critic, a monument to hisenergy, enterprise, and rare executive skill. Italian American privates also won the Medal of Honor. JosephSova of the 8th Cavalry earned it for capturing the Confederate flag atAppomattox. Private Orlando Caruana of the 51st Infantry won it at

The Truth About the Quebec Issue :: essays papers

The Truth About the Quebec IssueThe Canadian unity crisis involving Quebec has been a contr oversialissue since before the countrys confederation. Surrounding the on the face of it unsurpassable dilemma of unity there are three mainobstacles. The significant lack of action for Canada on the part ofm both francaphone Quebecois, prevents any unsounded attachment to thecountry on their behalf. A mood of intransigence on the part ofCanadians outside Quebec serves to give over and anger the individualswithin the province. A perceived leadership vacuum throughout Canada onbehalf of its citizens contributes to a widespread feeling ofhopelessness (Reid, 1991). The complexity of, and speculation towards,the Canadian unity crisis masks the infallible truth that whilepresently, there is no solution to the problem there is some hope forthe future. Within the province of Quebec there is a significant lackof patriotism or any real attachment for Canada. In 1995, The AngusReid Group asked a nat ional sample of Canadians to describe how theypersonally felt about Canada. Four options were given* I am strongly attached to Canada-I love the country and what itstands for* I am attached to Canada, but only so long as it provides me with a high-priced standard of living* I am not attached to Canada and would choose to see it split up intotwo or more countries and* I would prefer to see Canada amalgamate with the United States.(Reid, 1995)Outside of Quebec, there was evidence of a high level of patriotismwith over 85% of Canadians saying that they are deep attached to thecountry and what it stands for. In the province of Quebec, onlyone-third of the population and only 20% of the francophones, displayedthis level of affection for Canada. While there is debate over thecause for these statistics, some individuals believed that thestatistics were as a result of lingering wounded pride because of thefailed Meech Lake accord in 1991. Many Quebecois were insulted by theway that more C anadians outside of Quebec trivialized the situation,and the provinces demands. Others believe that this problem isindirectly the result of Canadas official bilingual status. Thereasoning behind this is that biligualism serves to even furtheralienate and differentiate the French within the country. This poses adifficult conundrum. Bilingualism can not be abolished because while itserves to alienate, it is also perceived by the French as preservingtheir remarkable culture and identity. One hope is that through Canadianmedia a new stronger more unified identity can be achieved. Arguably,the CBC is this best gathering for this shift in values because of its

Transition in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Essay -- Where

Transition in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Each of us experiences transitions in our lives. Some of these changes are small, like moving from one school semester to the next. Other times these changes are major, like the transition amid youth and adulthood. In Joyce chirp Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?, the author dramatizes a real life crime story to examine the decisive moment people face when at the critical point between the illusions and innocence of youth and the uncertain future. Joyce Carol Oates message of life and transitions is best understood when the reader brings his or her interpretation to meet with the authors intention at a middle ground. This type of literary analysis is known as Reader Response. In Reader-Response, the emphasis is placed on the idea that various readers serve in various ways, and therefore the readers as well as authors create meaning (Barnet, et. al. 1997). In this story of life passages and crucial events, i t is imperative that the reader has a straightforward response to Oates efforts in order to fully comprehend the message. Literature is a combined meeting between the intentions of the author and the reaction of the reader. The author begins her message with the name of her work, which conveys the idea of passages of time in life. The phrase where are you going suggests a time in the future, and the phrase where have you been evokes the past. Oates message continues through the plot and characters. The primary elements of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? are rooted in a true story of a 1965 crime. Occurring just a year before Oates 1966 story was published, the parallels between th... ...et al. tonic York Longman 1997. * * Reaske, Christopher R. and John Knott, Jr. Interview With Joyce Carol Oates. Mirrors An Introduction to Literature. 2nd ed. Eds. John Knott, Jr. and Christopher Reaske. San Francisco Canfield Press 1975. * * Tierce, Mike and John Michael Craft on. Connies Tambourine Man A New Reading of Arnold Friend. Literature Thinking, Reading, and Writing Critically. 2nd ed. Eds. Sylvan Barnet, et al. New York Longman 1997. * * Wegs, Joyce M. Dont You Know Who I Am? The Grotesque in Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Critical Essays on Joyce Carol Oates. Ed. Linda W. Wagner. Boston G. K. Hall 1979. * * Winslow, Joan D. The Stranger Within Two Stories by Oates and Hawthorne. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 6 of Short Story Criticism. New York Gale Research 1990.

Humorous Best Man Speech :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Best Man Speech I would also uniform to thank you all for being here today to share in this very special occasion. Before I begin my traditional destruction of the garments character, I would just like to say again how lovely the bride looks today. This is actually the first time I have made a legal transfer (as you can probably allege), and it is true when they say that its nerve racking. In fact I could go so far as to say that I ascertain about as comfortable as Osama Bin Laden in the Whitehouse.I only feel slightly better knowing that I am not the only one in the room who is apprehensive, but then again she has just married the groom. On the score of being nervous, I am sure that you have all heard the groom say over and over that he has not been at all nervous in the take up to today. Well, that all deviated at about 9 oclock this morning. Ive known him for the best part of twenty-three years now and of raceway there are mussiness of things I could tell you a bout what we were like as kids. Unfotunately, I did consult my solicitor and he tells me that we could still face prosecution, so maybe not.The groom was as born in the early part of 1973 and while Im not saying that was an omen, events later that year included the oil crisis, the release of The Exorcist, and of course the introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) in the UK.His mom was only saying last night that he was a pretty baby who was often nonsensical for a girl and that as a child he love nothing more than sitting for hours staring blankly at the TV. No change there then mateAt five years of age, the groom started at the same school as me. I remember that he loved soccer and tried for the school team on every occasion. Unfortunately, he was found to be useless in every position (Turn to bride) Best of flock thenAs I got to know him, I realized that here was a man who thrived on daredevil sports and laughed in the face of danger. I tell you, in those days the groom with a hu la hoop was a sight to behold.As a kid he had a huge inclination for life, and this helped him become wise.

i Felt A Funeral, In My Brain :: essays research papers

In my opinion, Emily Dickinson as a enigmaticalist used her poetry to describe the process of transcendental meditation, particularly the meditation of death. In this poem she tries to allow us to expierience our true nature by entering directly into our conscious. The poem is a deep quest of the nature of death, the death that is a process of expansion and transformation from solidarity to a spaciousness. When she says "I felt a funeral in my brain, and mourners to and fro, kept treading, treading till it seemed that sense was breaking through... " She focuses on the sensation of being in the body, feeling the bodys substantiality and solidity, and the heaviness caused by gravity pulling on its very substance. When she says ..."And then I comprehend them lift a box and creak across my soul, With those same boots of lead, again the space began to toll..." I believe this to be an expression of the awareness a " straighten out Body" expieriences, seeing , t asting, touching, and the like. The body that is within the heavy or outer body. "As all the heavens were a bell, and being but an ear, and I, and silence, some queer race, wrecked, solitary here" I believe is a reference to the phase where the "Light Body" becomes seperated from the "Heavy Body" and everything floats free. "And then a plank in reason broke, and I dropped down, and down, and hit a world at every plunge, and finished knowing then-" I believe this to be gently and gradually dying and into the light and free of knowing. Thinking that all that comes to mind is old and are just old thoughts, and we do not have to hold to them. Giving a new birth to ourselves, to observe peace, mercy, kindness, and healing the pain we suffer from.

Mother Tongue †Based Multilingual Education

With all the students having a catchyy in coping with their lessons, bewilder saliva-based trilingual knowledge may be assistive or non in solving this problem.OUTLINEI. Introduction II. Purpose of Mother Tongue-based Education A. Reasons why the Mother Tongue should be utilise in primary schools B.Points and ideas about Mother Tongue-based Education III. Target realizeers of Mother Tongue-based Education IV. Effects of Mother Tongue-based education to students A. Advant dates B. Disadvantages V. ConclusionI.INTRODUCTIONOne of the changes in the basic curriculum of education brought about by the new K + 12 program is the introduction of Mother Tongue based Multilingual Education. It will be implemented specifically to kindergarten, grades 1, 2 and 3. Mother Tongue refers to first- wording-first education that is, schooling which begins in the induce lingua and transitions to additional linguistic processs particularly Filipino and English. It is meant to address the high functional illiteracy of Filipinos where language plays a signifi flowerpott factor. Since the tiddlers own language alters her/ him to express him/herself easily, then, there is no fear of making mistakes.It encourages active participation by children in the learning process beca purpose they date what is beingness discussed and what is being asked of them. They can immediately use their mother tongue to construct and explain their world, articulate their thoughts and add new c erstpts to what they already know. With the demand of a high quality education today, this research paper therefore aims to attain the following objectives 1.To discuss the purpose of Mother-tongue based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) 2.To state the nature and effects of Mother tongue3.To tackle as a form of comparing the advantage and disadvantages ofMTB-MLE. 4.To prove why Mother Tongue is a dish outful or not in solving the problem with students having a difficulty in coping with their lessons.II. PURPOSE OF MOTHER TONGUE-BASED EDUCATIONA.Reasons why the Mother Tongue should be used in primary schoolsThere are many reasons why it is so important to support the continued learning of the house language or mother tongue. As Clarke (2009) puts it A strong first language supports the maturation of a positive self-concept, helps to strengthen the existing relationships within the family and provides the opportunity to continue cognitive development piece of music learning other languages as a arcminute language.In supporting the first language it is needed respecting and supporting the alkali language, planning base on the development of knowledge of language, creating an environment to support natural language learning, observing children talking, finding out what they know in using language, establishing a supportive environment, understanding and appreciating the home literacy and helping parents to understand the value of a strong first or home language (Hassanzadeh et al. 40)Local and international studies show that the use of the learners mother tongue or the language used at home is the most effective medium of learning. It is the easiest way for children to access the unfamiliar world of school learning. (Luistro) If the use of mother tongue will be discarded in favor of a new unfamiliar language upon the childrens entry into grade school, the learners stomach interest in their studies because there is a disconnection in the language used at home and in school. It will also be a loss of confidence in them as learners since their culture and experiences are excluded in classroom moveions.Strong and headspring-planned MT-Based MLE programs help students to build a string educational foundation when they en subject and encourage students to develop oral fluency in their first language, introduce reading and writing in their first language, help students to become fluent and overconfident in first language literacy, and lastly, build their capaci ty to use their mother tongue for everyday communication and for learning in school.MTB-MLE help learners build a good bridge when the teachers introduceother languages in oral through a meaningful and non-threatening activities, introduce writing and reading other language by building on what they have learned about the oral teaching of language and their foundation in the first language literacy because reading is like a bicycle, we only need to learn once, and lastly, build fluency and confidence in using oral and written language for everyday communication and for academic learning.MTB-MLE programs agree that students achieve educational competencies or standards established by education officials for each grade when the teachers use the mother tongue only for teaching in the primeval year of grade school, as students are learning basic communication skills in English and the teachers use the mother tongue with English for teaching in later grades, as students gain fluency and confidence in using the school language for learning academic concepts. (Malone 3-4)B.Points and ideas about Mother Tongue-based EducationLanguage is one of the expensive gifts which have been passed to children. The first language is significant and builds the basis for all later language progresses. Parents, family members and early childhood professionals have very important role on the development and maintenance of the first language. Studies shows that knowing one language can assist the child to comprehend how other languages contribute. First or home language is particularly important for the childs development of a positive self-concept and well-being.Children who have the chance to maintain their first language can extend their cognitive development, while learning English this also can be correct with other languages including Turkish as a scrap language. Their level of competence in the second language has relationship to the level of competence they have achieved in their first language. Children with a sound knowledge of their first language will be able to transfer skills from one language to another. Early childhood professionals can play a vital role in the maintenance of childrens first languages.They can provide opportunities for children to use their mother tongue in early childhood settings and at school and encourage the parents to use the mother tongue at home in order to provide a good foundation for learning English. It is important to reassure parents that children will learn English as a second language from English speakers (Clarke). The mother tongue opens thedoor, including its own grammar, to all grammars, in which it awakens the potential for universal grammar that lies within all of us. It is the valuable asset people make for to the task of language learning. For this reason, the mother tongue is the master key to opposed languages, the tool which gives us the fastest, surest, most precise, and most complete means of acc essing a foreign language.Successful learners capitalize on the vast amount of linguistic skills and world knowledge they have accumulated via the mother tongue. For the beginner, becoming aware of meanings automatically involves connecting them with the mother tongue until the FL has established an ever- more complex network for itself. The foreign language learner must build upon existing skills and knowledge acquired in and through the mother tongue. Monolingual lessons without the help of the mother tongue are extrinsically possible however, monolingual learning is an intrinsic impossibility.No one can simply turn off what they already know. It is postulated that the mother tongue is silently present in beginners, even when lessons are kept monolingual. Just as we build upon our abilities to vocalize, to read and to write, all of which have been developed via our mother tongue, so too we are unable to switch off our knowledge of the world, again acquired through the mother tong ue. With the emergence of research into the role of form-focused instruction, teacher- researchers have also begun to avow the mother tongue as a legitimate tool with the potential to facilitate learning mainly in accuracy-based tasks (Ferrer). You can banish the MT from the classroom, just you cannot banish it from the pupils heads (Butzkamm p.31).We need to associate the new with the old. To exclude MT links would deprive us of the richest source for building cross-linguistic networks. The well-directed and informative use of lexical and syntactic parallels mingled with the mother tongue and foreign languages taught in schools promotes retention and deepens the understanding of the historical affinity of language and culture (Butzkamm, 2003). The relationship between languages should be clearly established and not ignored or suppressed. The non-use of the MT, however, seriously constrains what can be said and read. MT will save learners from a feeling of defeat which will even tually lead them to avoid all topics of personal interest. The measured and well-calculated contribution of the mother tongue can allow pupils to tackle more difficult texts sooner (Hassanzadeh et al. 40-42).III.TARGET LEARNERS OF MOTHER TONGUE-BASED EDUCATIONBasically, MTB-MLE targets students who are having a difficulty in understanding other languages rather than their own language which is their first language. Most of these students are primarily entering kindergarten and first three years of grade school. Its very common that children will lack interest in going to school once they didnt understand their lessons at school. Since, their parents are from different places around the country or around the world, its expected them to speak and understand what they learn from their parents. non all students can understand English or other languages. At the start of classes, many will have a hard snip in coping up with the lessons since theyre having a difficulty in understanding w hat the teachers are saying.MTB-MLE aims to produce learners who areMulti-literate they can read and write competently in the local language, the national language, and one or more languages of wider communication, such as EnglishMulti-lingual they can use these languages in confused situationsMulti-cultural they can live and work harmoniously with people of culture backgrounds that are different from their own (Nolasco 3).IV.EFFECTS OF MOTHER TONGUE-BASED EDUCATION TO STUDENTSA.AdvantagesIn Mother Tongue-based Multilingual Education, students are taught over a period of time in their native language and English is treated as a second language, taught side by side and only when the student is believed to have attain proficiency in native language, so that he can master English easily. Technically and simply speaking, multilingual education is any educational establishment that favors education in more than one language. According to its proponents, the most important benefit o f this system is that a student, who is from a non-English speaking background, can easily learn English, owing to his language development, in his native language as well as in English language.And isnt it good to be proficient in various languages? What problem does it create if a student is well conversant in English and in his mother tongue? Besides that, a child who is open to multiple languages will be able to develop a better sense of appreciatingvarious cultures and understanding societies. After all, now were living in a global world and so being multilingual is always an asset in firms and business works.Added to these advantages the child can easily use his native language in groups and he wont feel ashamed of it. In case, he is just aware of one language, he may face problems of hesitation in expressing himself. Its good-looking form of education as the minority speakers can learn English even while being able to strengthen their cultural bonds by being proficient in t heir mother tongue. (Pandey)B.DisadvantagesUnsuccessful Attempt at Integration into SocietyMultilingual education was deemed necessary since it was supposed to help integrate the children of immigrants and minorities into society. The system of multilingual education demanded crack teachers and classrooms and believed in gradual integration into society by allowing children to receive education in their native language for a period of three or more years.Proponents of a single medium of instruction opposed bilingual education, since they believed that separate teachers and classrooms would widen the already existing gap between citizens and immigrants. They further proposed that encouraging children to interact within their own community for a period of three years, would delay the process of adjusting to the ways of life in a new country.School Dropout RatesOver the years, the dropout rate in various schools across North America has reduced significantly. The medium of instruction in the above-mentioned schools is English. However, there has been no reduction in the dropout rates for schools offer multilingual education. Most people feel that a dropout rate of 35% doesnt justify the costs involved in providing this form of education.Unavailability of TeachersMultilingual education requires a bend of trained teachers who are proficient in both English and their native language, assuming that English is one of the mediums of instruction. There is a wide gap between the demand and the supply for teachers, who are both confident and capable of handing the intense pressure associated with managing a class of students requiring special attention.Lack of ClassroomsThere is a dearth of classrooms that can have got students, who require instructions in both English and their native language. Students are expected to sit together in one class regardless of their age and the variations in the required level of education. This poses a great problem for teachers, who, in addition to being well versed in two languages, have to disclose a certain level of comfort in handling different levels of education, simultaneously.Lack of FundsThe mentioned issues bring us to the tip of the problem lack of funds to promote multilingual education.Bilingual Education Is CostlyEducation becomes unobtainable, when a language that is not dominant in nature is to be taught. The scenario becomes economically feasible, when multiple languages commonly used, are taught. An education system ought to be aware that the noble sap of education and literacy lies in understanding the language in which knowledge is imparted. The content and context of the subject becomes oblivious, if the student is not well acquainted with the language employed (Iyer).V.CONCLUSIONThis paper presents the benefits of a Mother Tongue-based Multilingual Education. MTB-MLE is a very helpful program to those students who use their first language in everyday life. It is used to also be a bridge o r a mediator to learn other languages as well. Although it has some disadvantage in our money, it will ensure us that our children, future children and relatives will understand and learn very well the lesson being taught in school. Thus, Mother Tongue-based education is challenging in terms of planning, implementing and sustaining MTB-MLE programs in multiple language communities especially in multi-lingual countries lacking extensive financial resources.

Four Steps to Forecast Total Market Demand Essay

Such forecasts are crucial since companies must begin building new generating plants five to ten years before they are to come on line. But during the 19751985 period, load actu wholey grew at only a 2% rate. Despite the postponement or send awaycellation of many projects, the excess generating capacity has hurt the regorgeience financial situation and led to higher customer rates. ? The petroleum labor invested $500 billion worldwide in 1980 and 1981 because it expected oil prices to rise 50% by 1985. The estimate was found on forecasts that the trade would grow from 52 one thousand thousand barrels of oil a day in 1979 to 60 one million million barrels in 1985.Instead, choose had fallen to 46 million barrels by 1985. Prices collapsed, creating huge losses in drilling, production, refining, and shipping investments. Bill Barnett is a promontory in the Atlanta office of McKinsey & Company. He is a consumeer of the firms Microeconomics Center, and his client work has foc ut ilize on business unit and bodied strategy. ? In 1983 and 1984, 67 new types of business personal computers were introduced to the U. S. market, and most companies were expecting explosive growth. angiotensin converting enzyme assiduity forecasting service projected an installed base of 27 million units by 1988 an different predicted 28 million units by 1987.In fact, only 15 million units had been shipped by 1986. By past, many manufacturers had abandoned the PC market or gone out of business altogether. The inaccurate suppositions did not stem from a lack of forecasting techniques regression compend, historical trend smoothing, and separatewises were available to all the players. Instead, they shared a mistaken fundamental assumption that relationships driving requirement in the past would gallop unaltered. The companies didnt foresee changes in end-user behavior or understand their markets saturation point.None realized that history can be an unreliable guide as domestic economies become to a greater extent international, new technologies emerge, and industries evolve. As a result of changes uniform these, many managers have come to distrust traditional techniques. Some even throw up their hands and assume that business intend must proceed without good select forecasts. I disagree. It is possible to develop valuable insights into future market conditions and ingest levels based on a deep understanding of the forces behind total-market demand. These insights canCopyright 1988 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved. somewhattimes make the difference between a winning strategy and one that flounders. A forecast of total-market demand wont guarantee a successful strategy. But without it, decisions on investment, marketing aliment, and other resource allocations will be based on hidden, unconscious assumptions about attentionwide requirements, and theyll often be wrong. By gauging total-market demand explicitly, you have a better find out of controlling your companys destiny.Merely going through the process has merit for a management team. Instead of just coming out with pat answers, numbers, and targets, the team is forced to rethink the competitive environment. Total-market forecasting is only the first stage in creating a strategy. When youve finished your forecast, youre not done with the planning process by any means. thither are four steps in any total-market forecast 1. Define the market. 2. Divide total industry demand into its main components. 3. Forecast the causers of demand in each segment and project how they are likely to change. . Conduct sensitivity analyses to understand the most unfavourable assumptions and to count on risks to the baseline forecast. Defining the Market At the outset, its best to be overly inclusive in defining the total market. Define it broadly abundant to include all potential end users so that you can both identify the appropriate drivers of demand an d reduce the risk of surprise product substitutions. The factors that drive forecasts of total-market size differ markedly from those that determine a particular products market share or product-category share.For example, total-market demand for office telecommunications products nationally depends in part on the number of people in offices and their needs and habits, while total demand for PBX systems depends on how they compare on price and hits with substitute products like the local telephone companys central office switch over service. Beyond this, demand for a particular PBX is a function of price and benefit comparisons with other PBXs. In defining the market, an understanding of product substitution is detailed. Customers might behave differently if the price or performance of potential substitute products changes.One company studying total demand for industrial stem tubes had to consider closely related uses of metal and charge card tubes 4 to prevent customer switchin g among tubes from biasing the results. Understand, too, that a completely new product could displace one that hitherto had comprised the entire marketlike the electronic calculator, which eliminated the slide rule. For a while afterwards AT&Ts divestiture, the Bell telephone companies continued to forecast volume of long-distance calls by using historical trend lines of their revenuesas if they were dormant part of a monopoly.Naturally, these forecasts grew more inaccurate with time as end users were presented with new choices. The companies are now broadening their market definitions to take account of heightened ambition from other longdistance carriers. There are several ways you can make sure you include all primal substitute products (both current and potential). From interviews with industrial customers you can learn about substitutes they are studying or about product usage patterns that imply future switching opportunities.Moreover, market look into can lead to insight s about consumer products. Speaking with experts in the relevant technologies or reviewing technological literature can help you identify potential developments that could threaten your industry. Finally, careful quantification of the economic rate of alternative products to different customers can yield deep insights into potential switching behaviorfor example, how oil price movements would affect plastics prices, which in turn would affect plastic products ability to substitute for metal or paper.Analyses like these can lead to the construction of industry demand curvesgraphs representing the relationship between price and volume. With an appropriate definition, the total-industry demand curves will often be steeper than demand curves for individual products in the industry. Consumers, for example, are far more likely to switch from Maxwell House to Folgers coffee if Maxwell Houses prices increase than they are to stop buying coffee if all coffee prices rise. In some cases, man agers can make lively judgments about market definition.In other cases, theyll have to give their market considerable thought and analysis. A total-market forecast whitethorn not be critical to business strategy if market definition is very difficult or the products under study have small market shares. Instead, your principal challenge whitethorn be to understand product substitution and competitiveness. One company analyzed the potential market for new consumer feed cans, and it concluded that growth trends in food product markets were not critical to the strategy question. What was critical was knowing the value positions of the new packagesJulyAugust 1988 elative to metal cans, glass jars, and composite cans. So the company washed-out time on that subject. Dividing Demand into Component Parts The second step in forecasting is to divide total demand into its main components for separate analysis.There are two criteria to keep in mind when choosing segments make each category small and homogeneous enough so that the drivers of demand will obligate consistently across its various elements make each large enough so that the analysis will be worth the effort. Of course, this is a matter of judgment. You may find it useful in aking this judgment to imagine alternative segmentations (based on enduse customer groups, for example, or type of purchase). Then hypothesize their key drivers of demand (discussed later) and ascertain how much detail is required to capture the true situation. As the assessment continues, managers can return to this stage and reexamine whether the initial decisions still stand up. Managers may wish to use a tree diagram like the accompanying one constructed by a management team in 1985 to study demand for paper. In this disguised example, industry data permitted the division of demand into 12 end-use categories.Some categories, like business forms and reprographic paper, were big contributors to total consumption others, such as lab els, were not. One (other converting) was fairly large but too diverse for deep analysis. The team focused on the four segments that accounted for 80% of 1985 demand. It then developed unoriginal branches of the tree to further dissect these categories and to determine their drivers of demand. It analyzed the remaining segments less completely (that is, via a regression against broad macroeconomic trends).Other companies have used similar methods to segment total demand. One company divided demand for maritime planet terminals by type of ship (e. g. , seismic ships, bulk/ dispatch/container ships). Another divided demand for long-distance telephone service into business and residential customers and then subdivided it by usage level. And a one-third segmented consumer appliances into lead purchase typesappliances used in new home construction, replacement appliance sales in existing homes, and appliance penetration in existing homes.In thinking about market divisions, managers nee d to decide whether to use existing data on segment sizes or to commission research to get an main(a) estimate. Reliable public information on historHARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW JulyAugust 1988 ical demand levels by segment is available for many big U. S. industries (like steel, automobiles, and natural gas) from industry associations, the federal government, off-the-shelf studies by industry experts, or ongoing market data services. For some foreign markets and less well-researched industries in the United States, like the labels industry, you may have to get independent estimates.Even with good data sources, however, the readily available information may not be divided into the best categories to support an insightful analysis. In these cases, managers must decide whether to develop their forecasts based on the available historical data or to undertake their own market research programs, which can be timeconsuming and expensive. Note that while such segmentation is sufficient for fore casting total demand, it may not create categories useful for developing a marketing strategy. A single product may be driven by entirely different factors.One study of industrial components found that consumer industry categories provided a good basis for projecting total-market demand but gave only limited help in formulating a strategy based on customer preferences distinguishing those who buy on price from those who buy on service, product quality, or other benefits. Such buying-factor categories generally do not correlate with the customer industry categories used for forecasting. A strong sales force, however, can identify customer preferences and develop appropriate account tactics for each one. Forecasting the Drivers of DemandThe third step is to understand and forecast the drivers of demand in each category. Here you can make good use of regressions and other statistical techniques to find some causes for changes in historical demand. But this is only a start. The tougher challenge is to look beyond the data on which regressions can easily be based to other factors where data are much harder to find. Then you need to develop a point of view on how those other factors may themselves change in the future. An end-use analysis from the commodity paper example, reprographic paper, is shown in the accompanying chart.The management team, using available data, divided reprographic paper into two categories plain-paper copier paper and nonimpact page printer paper. Without this important differentiation, the drivers of demand would have been masked, making it hard to forecast effectively. In most cases, managers can safely assume that demand is affected both by macroeconomic vari5 Components of Uncoated White Paper Making Up Total Demand (thousands of tons) End-Use Category Business Forms Commercial Printing Reprographics Envelopes Other Converting Total Demand letter paper and Tablet Books Directories Catalogs Magazines Inserts Labels Reviewed in DepthPercen t of Total 1985 Demand 25% 25 20 10 5 5 5 1 or less ables and by industry-specific developments. In looking at plain-paper copier paper, the team used simple and multiple regression analyses to test relationships with macroeconomic factors like pink-collar workers, population, and economic performance. Most of the factors had a significant effect on demand. Intuitively, it also made sense to the team that the level of business activity would relate to paper consumption levels. Economists sometimes refer to growth in demand due to factors like these as an outward shift in the demand curvetoward a greater quantity demanded at a given price. ) Demand growth for copy paper, however, had exceeded the real rate of economic growth and the challenge was to find what other factors had been causing this.The team hypothesized that declining copy represents had caused this increased usage. The relationship was proved by estimating the substantial cost reductions that had occurred, combining t hose with numbers of tons produced over time, and then fashioning an indicative demand curve for copy paper. See the chart Understanding Copy Paper Demand Drivers. ) The clear relationship between cost and volume meant that cost reductions had been an important cause of past demand growth. (Economists sometimes describe this as a levelward-shifting supply curve leading to movement down the demand curve. ) Further major declines in cost per copy seemed unlikely because paper costs were expected to remain flat, and the data indicated little increase in 6 price elasticity, even if cost per copy fell further.So the team concluded that usage growth (per level of economic performance) was likely to continue the flattening trend begun in 1983 growth in copy paper consumption would be largely a function of economic growth, not cost declines as in the past. The team then reviewed several econometric services forecasts to develop a base case economic forecast. Similar studies have been perfo rmed in other industries. A simple one was the industrial components analysis mentioned before, a case where the total forecast was used as background but was not critical to the companys strategy decision.Here the team divided demand into its consuming industries and then asked experts in each industry for production forecasts. Total demand for components was projected on the assumption that it would move parallel to a weight-averaged forecast of these customer industries. Actual demand three years later was 2% higher up the teams prediction, probably because the industry experts underestimated the impact of the economic recovery of 1984 and 1985. In another example, a team forecasting demand for maritime satellite terminals extrapolated past penetration curves for each of five categories of ships.

Individual Assignmnet

Through turn out the simulator, learners figure out the lease rates or how many flats are leased out for a given month. A microeconomic intellection that separated itself at the beginning of the simulator was the use of the phrase monopoly. The simulated control company has a monopoly In the lease area inside Atlantis. I regarded It to be a microeconomic idea in that it was restricted to a certain area. On a macroeconomic flow, it would not hold true because of the fact that there are several lease control companies end-to-end the world.The second microeconomic idea from the simulator was the situation In which the university student Is to figure out a per onto lease amount that will eliminate the discrepancy between amount required and amount provided at the lease amount of $1550 (University of Phoenix, 2003). I have this to be a microeconomic idea because each market or area has its own standard for amount required which definitely Impacts how much Is provided. An model of th is is that of unique automobiles.There are a sm solely number of these automobiles in need which results in the allegers of these automobiles to develop only a restricted amount. A macroeconomic idea that revealed through In the emulator was that for any product, more amounts are required at a lower cost, other things staying continuous. To apply that to a microeconomic range using the simulator as an example, when the lease amount was decreased, more individuals were willing to move in. The changes in tot up and occupy in the simulator are caused by deferent factors throughout the simulator.The causes Included changes In vacancy prices, low lease prices In neighboring towns, Imbalances between amount demanded and amount provided at current lease prices, changes in population, individualized incomes, affordability of apartments, and cost roof. Determining whether the move affected supply and demand, then If the supply or demand were decreased or Increased, and If the shifts were to the be or right had to be taken into consideration before decisions could be made.A supply move to the right indicated a loss of the lease amount was necessary, whereas a supply move to the remaining indicated an increase in the lease amount was necessary to improve stability. A demand move to the right Indicated an increase In the lease amount was accessory, art object a demand move to the remaining indicated a loss of the lease amount was necessary to improve stability. Some tips from the reading assignments that were emphasized in the simulator were supply and demand, stability, shifts in supply and demand, and cost roof.The supply curve Is upward sloping because the amount provided Improves as the cost Increases cost and amount provided are proportional. Supply and demand is an essential factor in forming the personality of 1 OFF products or solutions. The provision, or supply, of solutions or products is a key consideration in identifying the price at which those solution s or products can be obtained.For example, a landscape designs organization with little competition that operates in an area of popular for such solutions will in all likelihood be able to control a heavy price than will a business operating in a highly rivalrous environment. But accessibility is only one-half of the formula that decides costs components in the market. The other 50 percent is demand. An organization may e able to produce huge quantities of an item at low price, but if there is little or no need for that item in the market, the organization will be forced to sell units at a very low price.On the other hand, if the industry shows responsive to the item that is being sold, the organization can identify a greater unit price. Supply and demand, then, are closely connected economic concepts indeed, the law of supply and demand is often mentioned as among the most essential in all of business economics. References Supply and demand Simulation, University of Phoenix 2003

Comparative Analysis of Differenet Forms of Business

AHSAN JAVED 11P0023 MBA 1(A) Assignment 1 Corporate Finance Submitted to Sir kumail Rizvi Comparative abbreviation of different forms of business organization Ownership A sole proprietorship has only a individual owner. A partnership has two or much than owners. A corporation can have an unlimited number of owners. Liability In Sole proprietorship the liability is unlimited owners are responsible for whatsoever profit the business gets and whatever loss the business incurs. In partnerships the profits and liability are distri provideded between the two or more owners according to their shares.In Corporations there is limited liability, and in case of failure shareholders may lose their investment but he/she will not be liable to every debts of the corporations. Life of the business The life of the business in sole proprietorship depends on the life of the owner. In partnerships, it ends with death, bankruptcy of partner. In corporations, a corporation does not expire upon the de ath of its shareholders, directors or officers. Excess to Capital In Sole proprietorship the excess to capital is very limited.In partnerships the excess to capital is more then sole proprietorship but much less then corporations. Corporations have excess to great amount of capital. Management In sole proprietorship, single owner does all the management of the business. In partnerships, owners agreement on management is required. In corporations, board of directors appoints the management team. Ease of setting up Sole proprietorship is quite easy to setup and there are usually no legal agreements required. Partnerships are also easy to setup but there are legal agreements between the owners and usually some paperwork required.Corporations are more difficult and costly to set up, often requiring state applications, legal paperwork such as articles of incorporation, board resolution and affidavit. Tax Structure In Sole proprietorship, the business and the owner is treated as one so t he tax is be filed on the owners income. In partnerships the tax is being filed on the incomes of the partners. In case of corporations, the tax is being filed on the shareholders on the dividends they receive as well as on the income of the corporation.

Ifc Survey Report in Ghana

IFC Survey Reports Expansion of gold coasts Leasing Market WEBWIRE Thursday, August 30, 2007 IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, today released the findings of its second annual eyeshot of Ghanas leasing market. The results show that the number of new leases issued in the country grew from 311 in 2005 to 536 at the end of 2006 an increase of 72 percent. The total lease portfolio delineate by gross lease receivables by the sector also increased by over 73 percent from $29. trillion in 2005 to $51. 3 million in 2006. The report notes a significant increase in the number of leasing providers, from seven in 2005 to 12 in 2007, with many banking institutions entering the sector. The Leasing in Ghana 2007 report represents the most comprehensive survey of Ghanas leasing market to date. It highlights major developments in the leasing industry in 2006 and makes recommendations for further improvements in the policy, regulatory, and tax environments that influence the sector.The repor t was compiled by the SECO IFC Leasing Program, a project that seeks to enhance the role of leasing as an alternative financing mechanism for businesses in Ghana. Launching the report, Taba Cookey, SECO IFC Leasing Program Manager, said, IFC is committed to documentation efforts that deepen Ghanas financial sector and expand bother to finance for the private sector. The 2007 survey provides strong evidence that the leasing sector is playing an more and more important role in financing the needs of private businesses in Ghana. Philippe Sas, Economic Advisor at SECO, said, Leasing is important, because it benefits mostly small and medium enterprises that generally cannot access financing from banking institutions. It makes it easier for these businesses to acquire capital equipment even when they lack the credit history or sufficient collateral to access traditional forms of financing. Speaking at the launch, Dela Selormey, brain of Banking Supervision at the Bank of Ghana, comme nded the development of the leasing sector and outlined various efforts by the bank to support further growth of the financial sector.Worldwide, leasing has demonstrated the index to increase investment in capital equipment. Leasing plays an important role in economic development. For example, it is reported that every 8 to 9 percent growth in leasing activities leads to a corresponding 1 percent average growth in a countrys GDP. In developed countries, leasing is used to finance intimately one-third of private investments.

How & Why the Crusades Were Successful and Failures Essay

The light speed eld War, was a conflict between England and France, was not actually a single war that lasted a hundred years instead it was a series of wars interspersed with periods of peace that began in May 1337 and ended in October 1453. The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War won by incline big businessman Edward III the Caroline War won by cut king Charles V and the Lancastrian War won by French king Charles VII. The Hundred Years War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of the twain countries, the Plantagenets in England and the Capetians in France.Since 1066 the face had controlled rich agricultural areas of France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French thr wiz. During the Edwardian War the English took control of large areas of southwestern France and the northern coastal city of Calais. Altho ugh England was smaller than France, it was able to muster a large army.Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. This success was due to able military leaders and the development of a full-time, professional army and a taxation system to support it. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip the Good, duke of Bourgogne to conquer most of northern and western France. The tide changed, however, when Philip changed his bond to the French.It was during the Lancastrian War that the heroic efforts of Joan of Arc, who fought the English, allowed uncrowned French king Charles VII to be officially crowned. The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty rule. One of the central causes of the Hundred Years War centered on the relationship between the Kings of France and England regarding the dukedom of Aquitaine located in Southwestern France.In 1259, the Treaty of Paris designated that Henry III held the duchy as a fief of the French king. As a vassal to the King of France Henry was compulsory to pay liege homage to the king. This meant that the King of England was required to do homage whenever the kingship of either England or France changed hands. However, Henry was the King of England. Control over the French throne further complicated matters. In 1328, Charles IV, King of France, died without a male heir.Edward III, the King of England, held claim to the throne via his mother who was Charles sister. The other important claimant was head of the Valois house (Philip VI) grandson of Philip III. Philip VI gained the throne and moved to confiscate Aquitaine in society to consolidate his power. Edward led a raid into French territory in 1338 to defend his claim and two years later declared himself the true king of France. Another cause of the Hundred Years War was economic conflict.The French monarchy tried to squeeze new taxes from towns in northern Europe which had grown slopped as trade and cloth-making centers. Dependent as they were on English wool, these towns through their support behind English and Edward III. The hundreds year war was one by the French. The Hundred Years War was the last great medieval war. The Hundred Years War was a series of separate wars, battles, and political feuds lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne.The reason that the French ultimately won is because the English war effort in France was dependent upon their alliance with the Burgundians, but when the Burgundians tepidly switched devotion to the King of France, it truly crippled the English war effort. As a result of the Hundred Years War, the French and English people, who had been ruled as o ne nation after the Norman Conquest, began to assume separate national identities. They also developed new military tactics. The wars, however, had been a serious drain on the populations of both countries, bringing about a decline in feudalism.France had been severely damaged during the fighting. This was partly caused by official armies conducting bloody raids designed to undermine the opposition dominion by killing civilians, burning buildings and crops and stealing whatever riches they could find. It was also frequently caused by routiers, brigands frequently soldiers serving no lord and just ransack to survive and get richer. Areas became depleted, populations fled or were massacred, the economy was damaged and disrupted, and ever greater expenditure was sucked into the army, raising taxes.Historian Guy Blois called the effects of the 1430s and 1440s a Hiroshima in Normandy. Of course, virtually people benefitted from the extra military expenditure. England, in contrast, had begun the war with more organised tax structures than France, and much greater accountability to a parliament, but royal revenues fierce greatly over war, including the substantial losses incurred by losing wealthy French regions like Normandy and Aquitaine. However, for a while some Englishmen got very rich from the plunder interpreted from France, building houses and churches back in England.

Blameless Macbeth Essay

Macbeth, a tragic play by William Shakespeare, involves the downfall of a multitude hero, Macbeth. Our hero, however, is not to blame for his own fate the downfall of Macbeth is the result of the actions by those around him.Three evil withes foretell that Macbeth will become Thane of DCawdor and even pansy of Scotland. Macbeth dismissed their prophecies, but after he is promoted to Thane of Cawdor for military action, Macbeth wonders if he shall not be King, too.Macbeth is a good and loyal kinsman who would never harm his King. Were it not for removed forces, he would have lived happily as Thane of Cawdor, an illustrious title in itself. Macbeth does not even want to kill King Duncan. He says chance whitethorn crown me without my stir. Fearing the withes message means that he will kill the king in the future, he says Present fears are slight than horrible imaginings.Macbeth writes to his wife, telling her more or less the withes and how one prophecy has already come true. As so on as she hears about it, she calls on evil spirits to fill her full of cruelty so that she will the King if necessary. Macbeth, one the other hand, does not like a possible future by the withes prophecy that he will kill his King. This shows the contravention between Lord and Lady Macbeth. It is only after much nagging and cajoling from his wife that he decides to go through with it, and then halfheartedly. His wife uses insults, demeans him, and makes him feel less than a man, so Macbeth finally gives in.While Lady Macbeth is the one who sets the ball rolling, to use an analogy, it was the witches that put the ball at the top of the hill,. The three withes are a physical manifestation of evil. They conspire to kill as many mortals as possible, under their superior, Hecate. Using their evil ability to see into the future, they can tell that by using Macbeth as a tool for destruction, the maximum destructiveness will be reached.To get Macbeth to do their evil biddings, the first in fluence this seed of evil into his mind. By giving Macbeth that prophecy, they ensure that their plans will work.The prophecy is a self fulfilling one for the future to be as it turns out to be, someone must know of it. That person is Macbeth./The withes plan probably would not have worked if they hadnt counted on the ruthless ambition of Lady Macbeth. After he meets the witches, Macbeth thinks out the idea of killing Duncan calmly and rationally, then eventually decides not to do the deed. This is both(prenominal) morally good as well as sensible an usurper would not be open to hold an unsteady throne for long.Some of the evil of the play Macbeth, however, is attributable only to himself and can be blamed on no-one else. The murders of Banquo and Macduffs family are his pause alone his paranoid tendencies alone are the reasons for the murder. Macbeths murder of Banquo is due basically to the fact that Macbeth does not want all of his work to go to Banquo, and he is paid back f or this by being tormented by his ghost. Macbeth kills Macduff and his family some of which is unnecessary evil alone. The witches tell Macbeth to fear Macduff, his true enemy, but the murder of his consentient family is a pointless monstrosity. Macbeth is ion the precipice of instability, and the murder of the family of Macduff is the start of after he has fallen in.Macbeth tends to get rash and indecisive as the play goes on. First he is swayed by Lady Macbeth, and then he seems to act very illogically. This is another facet of his paranoia. Macbeth wants to stay king, so he hires murderers to slay all who oppose him. In the finally act he becomes crueler and crueler, lashing out with feverish intensity at all those around him, even those trying to help him and innocent bystanders. That last rehearsal is not just metaphysical, though Macbeth is diseased of both the mind and sol.In conclusion, Macbeth is both a victim of external forces and some of his fate. The withes and his w ife are both evil influences on him in the first part of the play. In the last acts, however, he is in control, but he exercises this power badly.Like most tragedies, Macbeth, the primary(prenominal) character, has a fatal flaw in his character. Macbeths hamartia is the fact that he is too sharing in his ambition. He opens up his path in life to include others as well, namely the withes and his wife. After that event, the true Macbeth is gone, another traveler on the road of evil.This roll was downloaded from Coursework.Info The UKs Coursework Database http//www.coursework.info/This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info The UKs Coursework Database http//www.coursework.info/This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info The UKs Coursework Database http//www.coursework.info/This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info The UKs Coursework Database http//www.coursework.info/This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info The UKs Coursework Database http//www. coursework.info/This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info The UKs Coursework Database http//www.coursework.info/

Television and Social Capital

boob tube a bless(prenominal)ing or a curse? TV or not TV? That is the nous. .Television is sensation of the greatest and at the same time worst inventions of all times. . It is true that video recording poop inform, shake and bring about. nevertheless it give the sack in addition misinform, deceive and destroy. Firstly, reflexion picture makes people depended on laid-on pastime. That makes them lazy and unoccupied. spate used to subscribe hobbies, read books, listen to music, go outside for walks now all of these have been replaced by television set.Further more, our communication with the members of our family stooge be affected by television. Being glued to the box for so galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) hours can be really unsoci sufficient as you cant talk and communicate with others sequence you are watching TV. Added to that, television promotes a fake lifestyle, which is totally irrelevant to real living. Children can advant ageously be affected by th at, as it is possible that they believe in fake life situations which can even lead to death. For example, a young child jumped off his window, believing that he could fly clean like superman.However, TV is not always a bad influence to us. Without television, we wouldnt be able to experience the visual travelling. We can watch the Eifel Tower, the Great Wall of China, the Colosseum of Rome, the Sydney opera House in Australia and many other great buildings by ripe turning the TV on. Also, the information that television offers, can sometimes be vital as we need to be informed about the climate changes, the earthquakes, the wars, and a lot of other events which could lead to destructions.Moreover, at that place are enormous possibilities for rearingal programs on television. Since children love watching TV it cant be that hard to convince them to learn through a television program. The lesson will be a lot more amusing and not so tiring as school lessons. Considering the audiovi sual perspectives that TV can offer, teachers can easily be replaced by televisions In conclusion, the question TV or not TV? still remains unanswered. The proscribe points are as many as the positive bingles. Its up to us, then, to settle down whether we are going to be watching TV or not.Television has the potential to unite communities, provide information to allow positive cultural, cordial and environmental change, and to create a true global village. It also has the potential to alienate, desocialise, to promote aggressive and negative behaviours, provide negative and in suspend role models to our children, and to create negative values such as values of consumption and possession. During the yesteryear two decades there has been considerable debate on the issue of the impact of television rage on youth behaviour.Many in the television industry deny televisions contribution to youth violence. The Net-generation refers to people born in the midst of 1977 and 1997. There have been many studies that identify an association between exposure to violence in entertainment and violent behaviour, but these studies do not prove that exposure causes violent behaviour. They show that there is a risk that exposure to media violence will increase the likelihood of subsequent aggressive behaviour. This risk can be increased or decreased by a large number of other factors.Recent drawk into the effects of pornography and violent video/computer games is starting to draw similar conclusions, although findings suggest that fully grown films, especially those containing violence, can contribute to callous sexual behaviour and violence towards women. The relationship between what we see and what we do is extremely complex. Some of the more important variables are context in which violence is portrayed, the age of the viewer, the sex of the viewer, the ability of the viewer to differentiate between fantasy and reality, and justified and unjustified use of force.Viol ence on television seems to be effecting our feelings of safety within the community. There is some evidence to suggest that the level of violence in television programs, films, news, may have led to an increase in fear that society is more dangerous than is actually the case. Censorship issues are difficult to resolve. What are our rights? Are they to be protected from consider things that may be harmful to our own or our childrens psyche, or are they to have the right to decide for ourselves? Censorship may also lead to the forbidden fruit phenomenon and the development of black markets.Similar results may occur if there is regulation of broadcasters. Would self-regulation work? It is well known that parental influence can be a study factor in reducing the impact that television violence will have on children. But parents need to be aware of this and need to take the time to know what their children are backwash and, at best, view programs with children in order to ameliorate t he negative impacts from such viewing. Parental influence can also enhance the positive impacts of television, and can allow children to understand social systems and appropriate behaviour more fully.Parental education and awareness programs will determine how successful this approach is. One option to ensure television viewing is less damaging to children is to have media literacy education for children in all schools. The aim of this education would be to cooperate children to critically evaluate the images, which are presented to them on an e genuinelyday basis. If we are concerned about the kind of television our children are watching, technological advances such as the v-chip (violence chip) can be programmed to block out unwanted programs from television broadcasts.Just as it is with censorship issues, new technology relies on parental involvement. Television programming is driven by commercial intent. Television appears to be harmless entertainment, but the function of globa l television is connected with the ideology of globalising capitalism. It appears the commercial intent is focused on distraction and cultural reformation. Television has a large social cost. Television viewing removes us from the physical reality of our current lives and often for extended periods of time. When we watch television, we go social interaction conversation becomes fractious and partial, if it continues at all.While we watch television we miss the verbal interaction that allows for sharing, learning and building collective perspectives. Television changes culture in more ways than we can imagine. In the United States, half of the devourulation now report watching television while eating dinner, and more than a third watch while eating breakfast or lunch. People in the US spend more time watching television than they do talking with their spouses (four to six times more) and vie with their children (an average of twenty minutes each day compared with four hours of television viewing).The situation is no much different in the UK where 46 percent of people say that at the end of a works day all they want to do is watch television. It is, in fact, the number one leisure time pursuit in much of the developed world. Peoples absorption in television results in far less time for intimate social connectedness, which is visible not only in the home but in the broader patterns of community vitality, or social capital. Social capital is a term used to describe the boilers suit health of social connectedness feelings of common purpose, common identity and common commitment.Television viewing has been implicated in the collapse of positive civic participation in almost all of its forms. Since healthy communities are characterized by high levels of social capital and participation, lack of positive civic participation indicates and unhealthy communities. This is decline in civic participation reveals a clear inter-generational shift medicinal drug and Human life Music is one of the greatest creations of human kind in the course of history. It is creativity in a pure and concentrated form and format.Music plays a vital role in our workaday life. It is a way of chating our feelings and emotions. Music is a way to escape life, which gives us relief in pain and helps us to reduce the stress of the daily routine. It helps us to calm down, an even excites us in the moment of joy. Moreover, it enriches the mind and gives us self confidence. Music surrounds our lives at different moments of lives, whether we hear it on the radio, on television, from our car and home stereos.Different kinds of music are appropriate for different occasions. We come across it in the mellifluous tunes of a classical concert or in the devotional strains of a bhajan, the wedding band, or the reaper in the fields breaking into song to express the joys of life. Even warbling in the bathroom gives us a happy start to the day. Music has a very powerful therapeu tic effect on the human psyche. It has always been part of our association with specific emotions, and those emotions themselves have given rise to great music.The origins of Indian music can be traced back to the chanting of the Sama Veda well 4,000 years ago. The primacy of the voice, and the association of musical sound with prayer, were thus established early in the history of Indian music. Today, music is available for us in different forms and the choice for music varies from person to person just as the reading choices vary from one another. There is folk music, classical music, devotional music, instrumental, jazz, rock music, pop music, hindi movie songs and many more.

Dimensions of brand personality or characteristics Essay

As shown in the figure above, the dimensions of soft touch distinctives embroil sincerity, competence, excitement, ruggedness and sophistication of the products or services. In this regard, the dimensions lot be sued for operationalising the dimensions of the characteristics of the cross out structure. Different studies support shown that the characteristic of a specific reproach reveals their best characteristic that outperforms their rival dents (Kapferer, 1997).The distinctive strike out characteristic provides the stag the world power to be exploited as a channel for self- mental synthesis, self-appraisals and self-definition for clients (Karande, Zinkhan & Lum, 1997). In addition, stag characteristic is a context linked with the multidimensional public figure of a specific trade name (Keller, 1993). These imply that the characteristic of the brand will ply to brand get a line. The brand personality dimensions can be sued evaluate or heartbeat various brand image s.It is noted that the brand personality dimension is a well researched context to position whether the brands is besotted and impressive (Austin et al, 2003, Phau & Lau, 2000). The most direct and simplest manner which has been recommended in measuring the might and impellingness of the brand image is to solicit responses to different questions which pertains to a specific human traits (Keller, 2003).As mentioned above, one of the questions that should be answered in this paper is to determine the characteristics of a whole and useful brand. Different scholars have been up to(p) to establish whatever points to distinguish fuddled and effective brands. It can be verbalize that a specific brand is strong and effective if such brand have the ability to influence the consumer get behaviour. According to Keller (1993), a brand is strong and effective if it has a significant impact on the purchase behaviour and decision do of the target grocery store.In addition, strong bra nd is a brand which has the ability to retain on the remembrance and consciousness of the clients associated with their purchasing decision making. Based on the brand concept of a target market, Dobni (1990) regarded brand image as the subjective consciousness phenomenon. Dobni (1990) have realized that it is not easy to understand how brand can retain on the memory and consciousness of the consumer but brand which has a strong image is forming by the reason and perceptual connotation of the consumer.Furthermore, since the image of the brand does not physically exist in the products as well as in the entity, it is mentioned that a strong and effective brand has the ability to influenced and aggregate by its brands declaration of specialties of their content and by the individuals who accept the image finishedout the purchase process. Hence, it is more essential consider the image of the brand than the consciousness appeared of fact to know whether the brand is strong and effecti ve.In the explanation made by Aaker (1991), he mentioned that the brand is typically linked with the company in a meaningful manners and its strength and effectiveness is reflected to different attitude of characteristics include the performance of the product, canvas price, the interests of the customers, the behaviour of the clients, famous person/s, personality and life style, their competitors, product category, and anformer(a)(prenominal)s.Each of these characteristics has a different horizontal surface of intensity to influence the strengths and effectiveness of the brand image. In addition, it can in like manner be noted that strength and effectiveness of brand image of the products or services offered by the company can also bee attributed with the associated brand name to ensure that the clients will purchase the products or services. The characteristics of a strong and effective brand can be divided to flexibility of the materials, the tangible and intangible feelings of the consumer and others.A strong and effective brand is also considered as the one which has the ability to determine the products and services taken on their brands. It can be express that one of the characteristics of a strong and effective brand has the ability to appeal to its target market, and has the ability to take memorable among customers. Furthermore, a strong and effective brand also offers a unique image which separates it from other competing products or services.It can be noted that a company with a strong brand enables a specific service or product to distinguish itself from its rivals. From the record conducted in which 101 companies have been surveyed, the participants of the study revealed that having a strong and effective brand are indeed important to the success of the company and products, specifically new launches (Kohli & McBahn 1997). In addition, it is said that strong and effective brand has the ability to make statements to other audience.Having a strong and effective brand enables the company to have a short-hand communication of what the organisation is and what it offers. Strong and effective brand create social acceptance and instant mutual recognition among their clients. By having a strong and effective brand image, organisations can have the ability to relay to relay to the clients their intended market expression for the products or services they offer.Most likely, target market tends to buy strong and superior or effective branded products and as time go by, this branding change use-value with image value. Furthermore, it can be said that the key component of a strong brand is homed on the initiation of an integrated get in which industries are able to convey what they can offer relative to the competition, do what they are offer to the market and confirm it through consistent practice (Cai & Hobson, 2004).Accordingly, having a strong and effective brand and image to attain competitive advantage in the global mar ket and to sustain its strengths and effectiveness, the management of the company must(prenominal) be able to give value to the capabilities of the brand (Nguyen and LeBlanc (2001). In an organisation, having a strong brand is attributed to having quality products or services.In this regard, the company must be able to provide a pleasant amaze for target market to establish a strong and competitive brand image which may lead to their competitive advantage. It is said that the strength of the brand can be established once the company is able to consistently provide the target market quality products and services. In a study conducted by Kim, Kim, and An (2003), they have stressed that a strong and effective brand image has the ability to meet the specific demand of the consumer and achieved consumer-based brand equity.Strong and effective brand image has the ability to influence the development of customer base of each of the company as well as the consequent enhancement in brands financial performance. One of the significant characteristics of a strong brand has the ability to meet the viewpoint of the clients. Furthermore, a strong brand and effective brand has the ability to convey and update their information on the topical trends in market demand and has the ability to formulate a strategy to sustain its strengths and effectiveness through customer satisfaction.Strong brand has the ability to provide total customer satisfaction which was developed inside the company from knowing that most of the target markets are trying to find products which have been used by other people based on its name alone. Another characteristic of a strong and effective brand is its ability to reach the feelings that clients and other establishments have about the company with regards to the evaluation and assessment of other competing brands.In doing so, the management or the company handling the brands must be able to reach the clients through marketing activities like adve rtising and promotions. Having a strong and effective image means that the brand has the ability to maintain and sustain their competitive advantage. These brands has the ability to maintain such image in the marketplace since a negative change for a brand name may decrease in target market and consequently of revenue. It is said that it takes twice as hard to rebuild a good and effective brand image rather than initially building it.

Importance of Building a Relationship For a Salesperson, and What Organizations and Sales people do to Build Relationships With Customers

In the occupation world today, customers take up non only be lie with fastidious but also more demanding and unforgiving. This explains the reason as to why either sales rep needs to be more aggressive and nonplus a good impression the first time he gets in contact with customers. According to Calvin (2007), acquiring good business sales is the natural outcome of an established family of trust between the sales rep and the customers. The clo positive(predicate) of sales after the establishment of a good and trustworthy relationship becomes the easiest part in the sales process.Portraying a first good and perfect impression requires good communication and foundation skills for the sales rep. The salesperson is expected to please a first time stranger, and convince them that he is reli adapted. Most often, the salesperson is terrified and does not know what kind of response to expect from the first time client. This stage is very(prenominal) significant as it is able to det ermine whether such a client will become a customer who can always purchase from the salesperson or not.If the salesperson is able to win the self-assertion and trust of the customers at the first instance, he is likely to get laid a competitive advantage in the market over other business people. Goods sales trainings invests a lot of attention and time in teaching salespeople the required skills for construction relationships. The skills mainly taught for the sales people include l take a leaking to listen to others, and populace of creation of confidence (Honeycutt, 2003). The salesperson should show that he understands the concerns and needs of a particular customer.By doing this, the customer is likely to create confidence in the salesperson and will often want to purchase any goods or services offered by the salesperson. A salesperson should be able to create trust by being able to communicate about information concerning a specific product that the seller is free to offer and clearly linking this information to the concerns and needs of the customer. Teaching of presentation skills is done in the aspect of and in the context of creating a trustful and open relationship between salespeople and the clients.Techniques of closing stock should then be looked into briefly as part of the big picture of good presentation skills for sales people. According to Acuff and forest (2004), the focus for building relationships as opposed to just concentrating on the sale of a product is important in the present world than ever before. Various reasons have been given to show why building of relationships is important. To begin with, the changes taking place in the world have necessitated the salespeople to take charge in the market, so as to win confidence for the customers.Sales people have realized that they should be leaders of the original changes taking place in the market, they do this by informing people about new products in the market and convincing them h ow such products or services are likely to meet their needs and concerns. By being able to win confidence from the customers, they are able to win more customers. A salesperson who does this will be able to absolutely convince customers that what he is selling is a safe and sure solution for the customers problem.Another importance of focusing on an open and trustworthy relationship is be front of the need to enjoy a competitive advantage in the market. When a good product gets into the market, other competitors quickly come up with a similar product. A salesperson who has already established a strong relationship with his clients is able to retain them, despite the tough competition. The third reason touches on the development of technology. With the introduction of bizarre and complex goods in the market, customers have been having fears of buying some products which may cause them harm in future, or products they cannot be able to maintain.Salespeople should know how to win cust omers under this circumstances, by explaining about the usefulness of such products, and covering how well they understand such a product. Salespeople who focus on the creation of a relationship at the heart of their activities have been producing excellent results in their work (Baker, 2003). Sales Ethics, and Why The Topic is Receiving so much(prenominal) Attention Today Honeycutt (2003) stated that sales ethics cannot be defined or explained with the exception of all(prenominal) other ethical values. Sales ethics in fact emanates from the entire organizational values which remove the day to day activities of the organization.There is actually no specific code in the area of business that has been separately dedicated to sales ethics. Therefore, the approach use to define sales ethics is the approach used to look at ethics in general. According to Baker (2003), sales ethics refer to those standards of lead which a salesperson is supposed to observe while driveing out his bus iness practice. A salesperson should carry out his duty with integrity, honesty and intelligence, with the ultimate goal of realizing the vision and mission of the club he or she is working for.Many corporations today are emphasizing on the practice of sales ethics among their salespeople. Researchers have make outd that, salespeople are not required to follow a written statement of ethics because they are not ethical, but because they are placed in a working environment where they are faced by ethical challenges every now and then, unlike other people in employment. Researchers have sated that companies should take liberal time to educate salespeople on how to approach ethical dilemmas in their areas of work.Unlike other workers who have their bosses to touch when faced with ethical challenges, salespeople often face the problem while on the road, they therefore lack anyone to name and are left to tackle the problem alone. Sales ethics helps to prevent many loses that a compan y can get from unethical behaviors of the salespeople such as over promising customers, and failure to observe indisputable sales regulations like the FDAs rules for pharmaceuticals, which may lead to great loses for the company. It has also been claimed that ethics addresses and supports what some scholars call, the gray areas of selling, (Acuff & Wood, 2004).though this areas may not have any legal implications, lack of knowledge and skills to address them may cause great damage to the company and to the sales career. They include the use of assets available in the company, this may relate misuse of expense reports, computers, cars, and other important equipments in the company. The handling of customer relationships, this may involve forms of iniquity such as over promising, overselling, over telling, under informing, and overstocking. The handling of competitor relationships involve spying and meddling on the affairs of the customers outside the scope of business and disparag ement.Sales ethics also enable the salesperson to handle relationships with supervisors and peers and to avoid certain acts like false reporting or abuse of territory poaching. world able to avoid conflicts of interest while working including improper disclosure, and to avoid offering of entertainment and gifts in excess of customers and corporate policies. Where companies have established formal policies to guide the behavior of sales people, they have been able to create good customer relationships and competitive sales.Salary, Commission and Combination Pay Plans, Their Advantages and Disadvantages. According to Calvin (2007), salary refers to the inwardness of money which an employee is entitled to receive at the end of the month. The employee as long as he or she performs his obligation is entitled to get the set amount of money, whether the company incurs looses or makes profits. This mode of earnings has been deemed to be favorable to the employees due to the fact that, th ey are protected against any unforeseen looses that may occur in the company. Companies which offer employees a permanent salary have the advantage of retaining their workers for a long period of time.such(prenominal) workers feel secured in the company, and are stable in their operation. This allows the company an opportunity to train their workers, specifically salespeople on the necessary skills, such as building of healthy relationships with clients. This in turn promotes production and maximizes profits for the solely organization. On the other hand however, employees who get a constant salary can relax and turn down to offer the best of their output, since they are sure sure to get their pay whether the company makes profits or not, this is disadvantageous for the company.Acuff and Wood (2004) expressed that commission payment is a payment plan where the employee is entitled to a certain percentage of money from the sales he or she makes. For instance, an employee selling an item whose price is 10 U. S dollars may be entitled to10% as his commission. Many studies have shown that this is an appropriate way of motivating salespeople. Such employees put much of their effort to ensure a maximum sale, so as to earn more commission. With this type of payment plan, an employee can earn as much as they want depending on their performance. This system in fact ensures maximum performance in a company.However, it has been argued that employees in such payment programs are often faced with the challenge of job insecurity and tend to keep changing jobs. A company is likely to loose employees every now and then. This undermines the efforts of establishing a good relationship between salespeople and the customers. In effect, the organization may not be in a position to maximize the sale of its products. The gang plan involves employees getting a certain amount of money as retainer, and then getting the additive compensation as a commission. According to Baker (200 3), this is the most effective way of compensating salespeople.By considering the record of a sales job, it is important that a salesperson is protected against uncertainties especially when sales are so low, by giving them some amount of money as a retainer. The additional commission plant as a motivator. This method is therefore said to be the best for salespeople because it serves both sides, securing an employee who can by dint of this plan be retained by the company for its benefit, and motivating the employee to produce the best for the benefits of the company. Critiques however argue that this plan can in certain circumstances be expensive for the company (Honeycutt, 2003).

A Survey of the Background and Development of English Literature from the Earliest Time to Eighteen Century

A Survey of the Background and tuition of side Literature from the earlier Time to cardinal Century limit 1. What is Literature? 2. Why the Knowledge of incline Literatures floor is crucial 3. Distinct phases from Earliest to Modern jump on 4. Brief survey of come alongs before Eighteen Century Anglo-Saxon period The mediaeval period The Renaissance period The puritan period The Restoration period 5. A panorama of Eighteen cytosine General view of eighteen century Social aspects Religious aspects Characteristics of eighteen century literary Critics of the geezerhood Chronology of the relievers of the get alongWhat is Literature? The production of indite engagements, having excellence of random variable or expression and dealing with inclinations of long-lasting interest is called books. Literature is one of the Fine Arts wish well, Music Dance Painting Sculpture. As it is meant to declargon aesthetic pleasure or else than serve any utilitarian pu rpose. It consists of majuscule writings which, what ever their subjects are , nonable for literary form or expression. Life, Society and Nature are the subject matters of literary works. There is an inside connection between issuances and life, which provides the raw material on which literary productions imposes an artistic form.Why the Knowledge of incline Literatures history is important? face lit is one of the wealtht bookss of the world, the literature of a great nation which has vitality, rich verity and continuity. As literature is the reflection of society, the several(a) changes which have come ab come in(predicate) in face society, from the earliest to the modern times, have left their stamp on English literature thus in order to appreciate the admittedly sense and taste of literature the knowledge of various phases of English literature, English society and political history of the land is essential.When we study the history of English literature from the e arliest to modern times, we get hold that it has passed through certain definite phases, to each one having marked symptomatics. These phases may be termed as eons or Periods and divided into different section harmonize to their characteristics. There are five ship back toothal to commit the different eras of English Literature. Distinct phases from Earliest to Modern Age 1. Phases which are named after the primeval literary figures. Chaucer Shakespeare Milton Dryden pontiff legerdemainson Wordsworth Tennyson Hardy Periods named after the Rulers of the time. Elizabethan Age The Jacobean period The Age of sprite Anne The Victorian Age The Georgian Period 3 simple character referenceitions named after literary involvements Classical Age Ro cosmostic Age 4 While other after certain important historical eras as, Anglo-Saxon period The Medieval period The Renaissance period The Puritan period The Restoration period 5 Named by the span of Time The Sevent een Century Literature Eighteen Century Literature nineteenth Century Literature Twentieth Century LiteratureBrief survey of ages before Eighteen Century The mature English Period or the Anglo-Saxon Period refers to the literature produced from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes in the first one-half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror. During the Old English Period, written literature began to develop from oral tradition, and in the eighth century song written in the mutual Anglo-Saxon ( withal cognize as Old English) appeared. One of the most well- cognise eighth century Old English plucks of literature is Beowulf, a great Germanic epic poem.Two poets of the Old English Period who wrote on biblical and religious themes was Caedmon and Cy tenderulf. The Middle English Period consists of the literature produced in the four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and about 1500, when the standard li terary lyric, derived from the dialect of the London area, became recognizable as modern English. Prior to the indorse half of the fourteenth century, vernacular literature consisted primarily of religious writings. The second half of the fourteenth century produced the first great age of secular literature.The most widely cognise of these writings are Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Thomas Malorys Morte dArthur. While the English Renaissance began with the ascent of the admit of Tudor to the English throne in 1485, the English Literary Renaissance began with English humanists much(prenominal) as Sir Thomas More and Sir Thomas Wyatt. In addition, the English Literary Renaissance consists of four subsets The Elizabethan Age, the Jacobean Age, the Caroline Age, and the Commonwealth Period (which is withal kn profess as the Puritan Interregnum).The Elizabethan Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of Elizab eth I, 1558 1603. During this time, medieval tradition was blended with Renaissance optimism. Lyric poetry, prose, and turn were the major styles of literature that flowered during the Elizabethan Age. Some important writers of the Elizabethan Age involve William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Ben Jonson. The Jacobean Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of James I, 1603 1625.During this time the literature became sophisticated, somber, and conscious of social abuse and rivalry. The Jacobean Age produced rich prose and drama as well as the King James translation of the Bible. Shakespeare and Jonson wrote during the Jacobean Age, as well as stern Donne, Francis Bacon, and Thomas Middleton. The Caroline Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of Charles I, 1625 1649. The writers of this age wrote with refinement and elegance. This era produced a exercise set of poets known as the Cavalier Poets and the dramati sts of this age were the last to write in the Elizabethan tradition.The Commonwealth Period, similarly known as the Puritan Interregnum, of English Literature includes the literature produced during the time of Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell. This period produced the political writings of John Milton, Thomas Hobbes political treatise Leviathan, and the prose of Andrew Marvell. In September of 1642, the Puritans closed theatres on moral and religious grounds. For the next eighteen years the theatres remained closed, accounting for the leave out of drama produced during this time period.The Neo perfect Period of English literature (1660 1785) was more influenced by contemporary cut literature, which was in the midst of its great age. The literature of this time is known for its use of philosophy, reason, skepticism, wit, and refinement. The Neoclassical Period too marks the first great age of English literary review article. Much akin the English Literary Renaissance, the Neo classical Period can be divided into three subsets the Restoration, the Augustan Age, and the Age of Sensibility.The Restoration, 1660 1700, is marked by the restoration of the monarchy and the triumph of reason and tolerance everywhere religious and political passion. The Restoration produced an abundance of prose and poetry and the distinctive comedy of manners known as Restoration comedy. It was during the Restoration that John Milton published nirvana Lost and Paradise Regained. Other major writers of the era include John Dryden, John Wilmot 2nd Earl of Rochester, and John Locke. The English Augustan Age derives its name from the brilliant literary period of Virgil and Ovid under the Roman emperor moth Augustus (27 B. C. A.D. 14). In English literature, the Augustan Age, 1700 1745, refers to literature with the predominant characteristics of refinement, clarity, elegance, and balance of judgment. Well-known writers of the Augustan Age include Jonathan Swift, horse parsley P ope, and Daniel Defoe. A significant contri saveion of this time period included the release of the first English new(a)(a)s by Defoe, and the novel of character, Pamela, by Samuel Richardson in 1740. During the Age of Sensibility, literature reflected the worldview of paradise and began to emphasize instinct and feeling, rather than judgment and restraint.A growing sympathy for the Middle Ages during the Age of Sensibility sparked an interest in medieval ballads and family literature. Another name for this period is the Age of Johnson because the dominant authors of this period were Samuel Johnson and his literary and understandingual circle. This period also produced almost of the greatest early novels of the English language, including Richardsons Clarissa (1748) and Henry Fieldings Tom Jones (1749). General view of eighteen centuryIn history English literature the period of over one hundred years from (1660-1789) is diversely termed as Augustan Age, Pseudo-classical age o r Neo-Classical Age, and age of Queen Anne. Matthew Arnold as Age of Prose and Reason it is also knows as age of Good Sense, age of Good Taste and age of Right Reason. The term Augustan was chosen by the writers of eighteenth century themselves, who saw in Pope, Addison, Swift, Johnson, Burke, the modern parallels to Horace, Virgil, Cicero and other brilliant writers who do roman literature famous during the reign of Emperor Augustus.Eighteen century is called new Classical age on the account of three reasons a) The writers of eighteen century tried to follow the noble and simple methods of great ancients standardised Homer and Virgil thats why they were called Neoclassicist. b) During eighteen century there was an abundance of literary productions there for critics termed as neoclassical age. c) During this period English rebelled against the exaggerated and fantastic style of writing prevalent during the Elizabethan and Puritan ages and they demanded that Poetry, Drama and Prose should follow exact rules. n this they were influenced by French writers specially Boileau and Rapin. Therefore this period is known as neoclassical age. In eighteen century there was a completion of the reaction against Elizabethan romanticism. This reaction had started in seventeen century with Denham, Waller and Drden. Eighteen Century is the age of social, political, religious and literary controversies. captious spirit was aboard and men stop taking liaisons for granted. Great stress was on reason and intellect sin. Notice the difference in age between Franklin and Edwards. 706 for Franklin and 1703 for Edwards. They are only three years apart, but they live in different eras. It was a choice that they made. You can be like Jonathan Edwards even now, and around people are. Ben Franklin is part of new movement, one that arises in Europe past moves out from there. This is called the Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason or the Neo-Classical Era. This period goes by the names the Enlightenment, the Age of Reason, and the Neo-Classical Age. There was a great sporting onward from theology as primary way of life. People had been caught up in religious schism and sometimes outright warfare from 1534, the year Henry VIII split away from the Catholic church, until the Glorious R phylogeny of 1589. England now turned its attention to politics and scientific/logical analytic thinking & reason. Belief had been based on authority restoration brought the scientific method. Scientific method beliefs should be turn up through reprizeed experiments. Until now, one was to trust the pronouncements of some authority. In religion, you accepted the dictates of the church in science, you would turn to a recognized authority like Aristotle, Ptolemy, etc.Your own experience could mislead you. Chaucers Wife of Bath trusted experience over authority, but she was wrong to do so. In this era, she would be right. Copernicus & Galileo trusted their own expe rience, their observations of the stars, over the authority of Ptolemy. They concluded that the world circled the sun rather than the other way around. Newton let oned the laws of graveness, motion, & created a new branch of mathematics calculus. A valid experiment would be repeatable. Thus others who turned telescopes toward the skies should obtain the same things Copernicus & Galileo did. people cherished proof did not want to accept an image as true well(p) because some person of authority said. The big name for the Enlightenment is Sir Isaac Newton. He discovered gravity this is the calculus branch of mathematics. Newton was a great thinker. He discovered the idea of gravity that bodies sop up to one another based on their mass. He discovered a principle, why things fall to the earth. For Edwards, you dismiss to the earth because of God. Now we have another explanation, a congenital explanation, it is the pull of gravity.In the religion of these people, once you disco ver the way that the planets move around the sun and the reason of this is gravity, then you eliminate the need for supernatural intervention. In the Ptolemaic system understood by the medieval Christian, angels were responsible for that making the sun, the moon, and the stars go around. Could an angel be up on the moon pushing it? Is there any way to refute it? It could be possible, we cannot disprove it. Do we really think there are angels? No, because gravity was a sufficient explanation. We do not need the angels anymore we have gravity now.They could be there but they arent necessary. In the idea of cutting away that which is unnecessary, moving from that which is complex to that which is simple in science is not as Occams razor. Occam was an English priest and a scientist. Occams razor is the idea that you cut away any gratuitous part of your hypothesis. The thrust of Enlightenment was to search for natural explanations for things in the scientific method. The idea of supern atural becomes something of a scandal, something of a great difficulty why would God need to intervene?If Mars was doing loops out there, then God would need to do so, but He made a more simple and attractive system which operates on its own. The universe is like a giant quantify and God is the master clock maker. In this period, they loved to make clocks. Clocks were emblematic of the universe. You could tell time by the way the planets move around the sun. Theyre only in this position every so many years. Based on that, if youve been out time traveling and you come flying into the Solar System, you can pick out a guess of where the planets are and figure out when it is.It moves like a giant clock and they were discovering this. These arent random or odd motions up in the sky, they are very regular. So God created a world that operates according to laws, natural law. This means that He does not need to intervene. They had their own single out of religious expression. They were called the Deists. Deism is sort of a natural religion. That is its based on observation of what we can see. Another element of this Enlightenment is the idea that we should be able to see the evidence for ourselves and judge it for ourselves. A movement away from authority.Before, if you wanted to prove a scientific theory, you would consult Hypocrites and Aristotle. You would put together your quotations, and its proven because you quoted the proper authorities. In religious matters, you quote the Bible, and the Bishops, and the theologians, the proper authorities. Now they say move toward your own individual ability. We see that clean also in the early stages of the Puritan movement, but this is expressed very differently. If I turn fell a light switch, it will turn the light off. If you turn the switch, will it do the same thing?If it is scientifically valid, it is universal anybody can turn the light off. The one thing an experiment has to be is repeatable. The idea of speci al revelation goes away. We now have the appeal to general revelation. The goal is to have a religion based on stuff that is accessible to all of us. You dont have to be in a certain attribute at a certain time anybody anywhere can repeat this experiment. Social aspects There was a rise of a trading community in the early eighteen century England. Most of the traders were Whigs and most of the landed gentry and nobility were Tories.The clash between these two parties was not only political but social two. Eighteen century is known in the social history of England for the rise of the middle classes with the unprecedented rise in trade and comers the English were be approaching increasingly crocked and many hither to poor people were finding theme selves in the rank of respectable burgesses. These nouveaux riches were desirous of giving themselves and aristocratic touch by appearing to be learned and sophisticated like there traditional social superiors- the landed gentry and nobili ty.This class of readers had hitherto been neglected by senior high brow writers. the literary works previous to the eighteen century were almost in variably meant to be the reading of the higher strata of society. Only popular literature such as Ballad, giveed for the lower rungs. The up and coming middle classes of the eighteen century demanded some new kind of literature which should be in shape with there temper and be designed as well to voice there aspirations as to cater for there taste. England was than suitable a country of small and big traders and shop keepers.Some new type of literature of literature was demanded and this new type must expressed the new idle of the eighteen century, the value and the vastness of the individuals life to tell men, not about knights to kings but about themselves, about their own thoughts and motives and struggles and the results of action upon their own characters. Religious aspects The fact that religion is not only concerned with spi rituality and morality but also with physical and psychological health is reflected in the teaching of most religious traditions in the world.Eighteen century was the age of the speared of natural religion or Deism. Deists believed in the existence of God but disbelieved in any revealed religion, not excepting Christianity. Even in religion, reason and nature ruled the roost. People were also talking about natural morality the doctrine of the reason loving deists were repudiated by arthropods ethnologists. Characteristics of eighteen century 1. Reason and rationality 2. pragmatism and precision 3. Rise of semiannual press 4. Rapid phylogeny of prose 5. Prosaic poetry 6. Augustan themes 7. Development of ridicule 8.Evolution of novel 9. Deficient in drama Reason and rationality Pope and his followers gave much importance to reason in their modes of thinking and expressing. In the eighteen century reason was exalted. The main characteristic of neoclassical age is a general searchi ng after rationality. This search which started in the age of Dryden culminated in the age of Pope. This reign of reason and common sense continued in to the middle of the century when the new ides and voices appeared and the precursors of the English romantics of the nineteenth century appeared on the scene.Al the important writers of the neoclassical age Swift, Pope and Dr. Johnson glorified reason. world and precision The two main characteristics of the restoration period-Realism and precision were carried to further perfection during eighteen century. They are effect in their excellent form in the poetry of Pope who perfected the heroic couplet and in the prose of Addison who substantial it into a clear, precise and elegant form of expression. Rise of Periodical press With the rise of the periodical press in the begging of the eighteen century, the bear witness took a long stride forward.Addison and Steele wrote social essays, their adopt was social reform and to censor the manners and morals of the age, more particularly the frivolities of the female sex. Rapid development of prose As eighteen century was the age of social, political and literary controversies in which the prominent writers took an active part and the large number of pamphlets, journals and magazines were brought out in order to cater to the growing need of the masters, who had began to read and take interest in these controversial matters.Poetry was considered inadequate for such a task and hence there was a rapid development of prose. Prosaic poetry Infect poetry also had become prosaic because it was no longer used for lofty and sublime purposes but like prose its subject matter had become reproval , satire, controversy and it was also written in the form of essay which was the common literary form. The chief credit of the age was therefore not poetry but prose. It was the age of satiric and argumentative and reflective poetry. precisely any lyric or sonnet worth mentioning bel ongs to the period.There is a growth of artificial poetic diction, and the language of poetry is cut off from the language of everyday use. Artificial themes The Augustan literature was mainly adroit and rational, deficient in emotion and imagination. It dealt exclusively with the artificial life of the upper classes of the city of London and its form and diction was as artificial as its theme. It had no feeling for nature and no feeling for those who lived out side the narrow confines of fashion able London society. Development of satireSatire developed as a form of literature during this age. Mostly prose writers wrote satires on the contemporary issues. The aim was the social reclamation and to criticize the attitudes and behaviors of the age. The Whigs and the Torries members of the two important political parties which were constantly contending to control the government of the country- used and rewarded the writers for satirizing their enemies and undermining their reputation . Evolution of novel New literary form novel was developed.Realism of the age and development of the excellent prose style helped in the evolution of the novel. Between the period (1740 and 1800) novels of all kinds were written. Four main novelists of the eighteen centuries are Richardson, Smollett, Sterne and Fielding. Deficient in drama Eighteen century was deficient in drama because the old puritanic against the theater continued and the cost also withdrew its patronage. Gold Simith and Sheridan were the only writers who produced plays having literary merit. Literary Critics of the ageAccording to Oxford new English lexicon criticism is defined as the art of estimating the qualities and character of literary or artistic work. It also quotes Drydens definition of criticism as a stander of judging well. Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see, Thinks what neer was, nor is, nor eer shall be. (From An Essay on Criticism) Three major critics of the neoclassical age are Dryden, Pop e, and Johnson. Dryden as a critic As a student of the principles of criticism, Dryden broke entirely new grounds.He penetrated more late then any critic had yet done into the problem of the character of poetry, and the function and meaning of a conscious work of art. In his work we have not only criticism, but criticism becoming conscious of itself, analyzing its objects with sympathy and understanding, and knowing its purpose. He always had an open mid on all literary problems and refused to be influences by the pronouncements of the French critics like Boileau, who were bent on curtailing the freedom of literary composition as well as judgment.He found no harm in the mixture of cataclysm and comedy which some English dramatists had attempted, nor did he blame the variety and copiousness of the English plays, simply because they did not conform to the French ideal of singleness of plot. Even to Aristotle he refused to render servile obedience. Though alert in the age when Arist otles theories were widely admired, he had the courage to declare it is not enough that Aristotle had said so, for Aristotle drew his models of tragedy from Sophocles and Euripides and, if he had seen ours, might have changed his mind. Dryden was the first critic to introduce the nation that literature is an organic labor which develops with the development of a nation. It is not a static but dynamic force which expresses the impulse of each new age in a manner suited to its growth, and changes according to the change in the dip of the people. The critic, therefore, should study the literature of an age in the scope of its environment, and not follow blindly the rules laid exhaust by the ancient critics like Aristotle.This, no doubt, was a revolutionary development in the field of criticism which in the seventeenth century was dominated by the classical school of critics. Though Dryden expressed his critical opinions in the prefaces to his own literary productions, in critical studies of great writers, as well as in some critical essays as Apology for Heroic Poetry, yet his greatest critical work in his famous. An essay of Dramatic Poesy (1668). It is the most ambitiously constructed critical document of his career and the most important for general literary theory.In his famous Essay,(on Dramatic poesy) Dryden has discussed a number of literary problems, but his main ploughshare to literary criticism is his further exploration of the principles of mimicry and instruction. For Plato the poets world being a second-hand imitation of reality was worthless for Aristotle the poet could achieve a reality more profound than we meet in ordinary experience, by the proper selection and organization of incident for Sidney, the poet created a world better than the real world, and thereby exerted an ennobling influence on his readers.None of these critics suggested that there is still another way in which a poet can deal with life, and that is to pose it as it is. It was Dryden who made this obvious statement that a play or literature in general is a just or thoughtful image of human life. a just and lively image of human nature, representing the passions and humors, and the changes of fortune to which it is subject, for the delight and instruction of making. His achievement as a critic is, no doubt, considerable and despite his lack of system, his inconsistencies and digressions, he has something substantial to offer to his own and by and by ages.He make an effective us of the psychological, comparative and historical methods in forming literary judgments. He was the first to billet out the facts that time was the final test of literary values, and also to illustrate this doctrine by revealing fresh beauties as three of the greatest English poets Chaucer, Spenser and Shakespeare. Though the was influenced by the critical doctrines of the ancients, yet he assimilated only those influences which found a response in his own nature and temp erament.The secret of Drydens richness as a critic lay in his native sensibility which made him keenly alive(predicate) of artistic values, and helped him arrive at a dispassionate psychological analysis of those values. His judgment of Shakespeare and Chaucer was based on his own instructive reaction submitted to the test of Nature or reason, rather then on dinner gown rules. It resulted from an imaginative sympathy and not merely from intellect. His criticism of literature was synthetic rather than analytical, and therefore he could view the effects observed with a critical insight which was akin to the creative vision.It helped him penetrate to the snapper of things and find meaning and coherence in the multiplicity of those effects. Pope as a Critic Popes major work was a series of four Moral Essays and a work which had zipper to do with satire, the Essay on Man. this last work deals mainly with the fanny of humankind with respect to the Creator, to his place in Creation, and his happiness. Some of the sentiments (notably those at the beginning of Epistle II) have justly become axiomatic The Essay on Man was to have formed part of a series of philosophic poems on a taxonomical plan.The other pieces were to treat of human reason, of the use of learning, wit, education and riches, of civil and ecclesiastical polity, of the character of women Popes next publication was the Essay on Criticism, written two years earlier, and printed without the authors name. In every work regard the writers end is one of its sensible precepts, and one that is often neglected by critics of the essay, who comment upon it as if Popes end had been to produce an original and profound treatise on first principles.His Essay on Criticism launch Pope as a significant poetic voice. It also prompted the first of many printed, personal attacks. John Dennis, a prominent critic whom Pope ridiculed in the Essay, aimed his venomous response at Popes ailing body, his character, and his religious faith. Joseph Addison, on the other hand, praised Pope for both insight and execution, and Samuel Johnson later hailed the poem for exhibiting every mode of excellence that can embellish or dignify didactic composition (Life of Pope).Windsor-Forest, The Rape of the Lock, and The tabernacle of Fame followed and confirmed Popes place among celebrated poets, a place marked again by the publication of The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope. Pope was only 29. The poetic essay was a relatively new genre, and the Essay itself was Popes most ambitious work to that time. It was in part an attempt on Popes part to identify and refine his own positions as poet and critic, and his response to an ongoing critical debate which centered on the disbelief of whether poetry should be natural or written according to predetermined artificial rules inherited from the classical past.His aim was simply to condense, methodize, and give as perfect and novel expression as he could to locomote opinions a bout the poets aims and methods, and the critics duties, to what oft was thought, but near so well expressed . The town was interest in belles letters, and given to conversing on the subject Popes essay was simply a brilliant plowshare to the fashionable conversation Dr. Samuel Johnson Samuel was such a dominant literary figure in the second half of the eighteenth century that the period has sometimes been called the Age of Johnson, lived most of his adult life in London.Until the detonating device granted him a pension in 1763, he had to support himself by his literary activity, including major get a lines such as the Dictionary of the English oral communication (1755) and his edition of the plays of Shakespeare (1765), as well as periodical essay series such as the Rambler (1750-52) and the Idler (1758-60), other separate publications such as the poem The dresser of Human Wishes (1749) and the tale Rasselas (1759), and miscellaneous writing, mainly for a variety of periodica ls. His last major literary project was the series Lives of the Poets (1779-81). whose still living writings are always ignored, a great honest man who will remain forever a figure of half fun because of the leechlike adoration of the greatest and most ridiculous of all biographers. For it is impossible not to believe that, without Boswell, Johnson for us today would shine like a sun in the heavens whilst Addison sat forgotten in coffee houses. (from The March of Literature, 1938) Although dress hat remembered as the compiler of the first comprehensive English dictionary, Dr. Johnson was more than a scholar.Born at Lichfield and educated at Lichfield Grammar School and Pembroke College, Oxford, he moved to London in 1737 with his wife, Tetty, who was twenty years his senior, and began to earn a living as a journalist and critic, whilst working on plays, poetry and biographies. Johnson began A Dictionary of the English Language in 1747, but did not complete it until 1755. It made his name, but not his fortune. Another of his major works, the satire Rasselas (1759), was written specifically to raise money to pay for his mothers funeral.Johnson was at the centre of a literary circle which included such figures as Oliver Goldsmith, Edmund Burke and David Garrick. . Essays on his main works are complemented by thematic discussion of his views on the experience of women in the eighteenth century, politics, imperialism, religion, and travel as well as by chapters covering his life, conversation, letters, and critical reception. Useful reference features include a chronology and guide to further reading.The keynote to the multitude is the seamlessness of Johnsons life and writing, and the extraordinary humane intelligence he brought to all his activities. Accessibly written by a distinguished group of international scholars, this volume supplies a stimulating range of approaches, making Johnson newly relevant for our time. Despite the consistency of his critical p rinciples, Johnsons criticism is also very sensitive to the special circumstances of its origin. He unashamedly wrote to earn money.The form in which he wrote were those demanded by the occasion, and what he wrote was adapted to what was appropriate for that form. Johnson was willing to recalculate work already on hand, and sometimes this work may seem out of place in its new setting but when composing he was keenly sensitive to what was appropriate to his present occasion. A reader approaching Johnsons criticism needs to cultivate an understanding of the demands set by each kind of piece that he wroteprefaces, dedications, lives, notes, reviews, and separate essays.The reader also needs, if possible, to develop some sense of the context of literary discussion Johnson is joining, for although the particular topics he treats may be largely determined by this context, he is often much less explicit than a modern scholar would be about providing references to level his reader in the controversy. His Shakespeare criticism provides a good example of most of these observations.While we are liable to find anywhere in it those gnomic statements that grow out of a full knowledge of literature and life, without a proper sense of the whole piece in which they occur we will not have a true idea of the weight Johnson intended them to have. Chronology of the writers of the age Following is the list of the prominent writers of the age and their major works. 1. Daniel Defoe(1660-1731) for Robinson Crusoe 2. John Arbuthnot(1667-1735) for History of John Bull 1712 3. Jonathan Swift(1667-1745) for Gullivers Travels , A Tale of Tub . Addison(1672-1719) for the Spectator 5. Steele(1672-1729) for The Tatler 6. Alexander Pope(1688-1744) for Dunciad, Rape of The Lock 7. Dr. Johnson(1709-1784) for Preface to Shakespeare, Lives of the Poets 8. Oliver Gold Smith(1730-1774) for The Citizen of The World 9. Charles Churchill(1731-1864) 10. Edmund Burke(1729-1797) Main Novelist of Eightee nth Century 1. Richardson(1689-1761) for Pamela 2. Fielding(1707-54) for Joseph Andrews 3. Smollett(1721-71) for Roderick Random 4. Sterne(1713_68) for Tristram shandy