Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation in Education

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation in Education As life goes on, I am starting to learn more and more about what motivates me step forward and can be successful in education; I recognize that when I plan or want to do something, I have a motivation for that specific thing. In other words, when I do something, I have a reason why I should do that thing. According to the book â€Å"Drive† by Daniel H. Pink, it makes me thought-provoking about motivation 2. 0 and motivation 3. 0. So the question comes in my mind is what is the difference between motivation 2. 0 and motivation 3. , and which motivational system is more effective either for education. Motivation 2. 0, what we know as extrinsic motivation assumes that human beings are best motivated by rewards and punishments (carrots and sticks). On the other hand, motivation 3. 0 what we know as intrinsic motivation suggests that humans are primarily motivated to learn, create and better the world (learning and creating). In educa tion, I prefer that motivation 3. 0 is more effective than motivation 2. 0 because motivation 3. 0 leads to success and good behavior and motivation 2. leads to decreasing of students’ progress. The first thing, motivation 3. 0 is more effective than motivation 2. 0 because motivation 3. 0 leads to success. Students are most likely to show the beneficial effects of motivation when they are intrinsically motivated to engage in classroom activities. Intrinsically motivated students tackle assigned tasks willingly and are eager to learn classroom material, more likely to process information in effective ways by engaging in meaningful learning, and more likely to achieve at high levels.In contrast, extrinsically motivated students may have to be enticed or prodded, may process information only superficially, and are often interested in performing only easy tasks and meeting minimal classroom requirements. To understand how these two motivations work, I want to give out a specific example. I have two friends, Sang and Anne. The first person, Sang he does not enjoy accounting and is taking the class just because earning an A or B in the class will help him earn a scholarship at Business Department.The second person, Anne she has always liked accounting. The class will help her earn a scholarship, but in addiction, Anne really wants to become a good accountant. She sees its usefulness for her future profession as an accountant. Through this example, we can see the first person exhibits motivation 2. 0. Students who belong to motivation 2. 0 may want the good grades, money, or recognition that particular activities and accomplishments bring. In contrast, the second person exhibits motivation 3. 0. Students who belong to motivation 3. may engage in an activity because it gives them pleasure, helps them develop a skill they think is important, or seems to be the ethically and morally right thing to do. According to the book â€Å"Drive†, in chapter 3 Pink describes â€Å"They're working hard and persisting through difficulties because of their internal desire to control their lives, learn about their world, and accomplish something that endures† (77). In some cases, motivation 2. 0 can get students on the road to successful classroom learning and productive behavior. Yet motivation 3. 0 leads students over the long run.It will encourage them to make sense of and apply what they are studying and will increase the odds that they will continue to learn. Moreover, motivation 3. 0 is more effective than motivation 2. 0 because motivation 3. 0 leads student to good behavior. When student comes to motivation 3. 0, this basically means that student is motivated to do a particular task of the pleasure or satisfaction that they get in performing the task itself. In other words, intrinsically motivated student comes from within an individual rather than from extrinsic rewards such as money, grades, or class rank.A student who tends to be intrinsically motivated could be motivated by internal factors such as recognition, responsibility, growth and advancement. If a student is to be motivated by intrinsic rewards, then this means that what the student really wants is a job that interests him, a challenging work environment, and  the responsibility to perform the task in order  to motivate him. For example, an intrinsically motivated student will perform a task given to him willingly, either because he might find the task challenging or else interesting and satisfied with completing it.This is due to the fact the external rewards hardly motivate these students. In chapter 3 of the book, Pink points out about type I behavior â€Å"Type I behavior is self-directed. It is devoted to becoming better and better at something that matters. And it connects that quest for excellence to a larger purpose† (78-79). This explains that motivation 3. 0 leads student to good behavior and tends to be very much effective in the long run as the students perform the tasks willingly because it interests them, rather than trying to escape from it once the task is done. Furthermore, motivation 3. increases effort and persistence in activities and affects cognitive processes. As we discovered in chapter 4 about autonomy, Pink explains â€Å"According to a cluster of recent behavioral science studies, autonomous motivation promotes greater conceptual understanding, better grades, enhanced persistence at school and in sporting activities, higher productivity, less burnout, and greater levels of psychological well-being† (88-89). Motivation 3. 0 increases the amount of effort and energy that students expend in activities directly related to their needs and goals.Intrinsically motivated students are more likely to continue a task until they’ve completed it, even if they are occasionally interrupted or frustrated in the process. In general, motivation 3. 0 increases students’ time on task, an important factor affecting their learning and achievement. Besides that, motivation 3. 0 affects what and how students mentally process information. For one thing, intrinsically motivated students are more likely to pay attention because they are sitting in class, doing the task for the long run purpose and larger achievement. So attention is critical for getting information into working memory.Intrinsically motivated students also try to understand and elaborate on material to learn it meaningfully rather than simply go through the motions of learning in a superficial, rote manner. One special thing is intrinsically students have higher self-esteem. Through the description type I behavior promotes greater physical and mental well-being in chapter 3, Pink states â€Å"According to a raft of studies from SDT researchers, people oriented toward autonomy and intrinsic motivation have higher self-esteem, better interpersonal relationships, and greater general well-being than those who are extrinsically motivated† (78). Thereby circumventing the intrinsic barrier.This can understand that the more students are motivated to achieve academic success, the more proud they will be of an A and the more upset they will be by an F or perhaps even a B. The more students want to be accepted and respected by their peers, the more meaningful the approval of the â€Å"in-group† will be and the more painful the ridicule of classmates will seem. As a last result, motivation 3. 0 is more effective than motivation 2. 0 because motivation 2. 0 leads to decreasing of students’ progress. Motivation 2. 0 what stands for extrinsic motivation comes when the students are thus motivated by means of external rewards.External rewards basically consist of money and grades. Motivation 2. 0 leads students are involved in performing a particular task is because of the external rewards that gives them satisfaction and pleasure, and not because they are interested in it. In ot her means, motivation 2. 0 drives students to do things especially for tangible rewards or pressure, rather than for the desire of it. Extrinsic motivators basically focus the students on rewards rather than actions. For example, students will perform tasks though they are not quite interested in it, thus because of the rewards involved with it.Some students will not want to do the work willingly, but rather they are motivated to do so by external rewards. According to Drive, in chapter 3 Pink argues â€Å"When people use rewards to motivate, that’s when they’re most demotivating† (70). When students are not interesting in doing tasks and learning and they are just focus on the rewards that they can receive, instead of trying to improve skills and get stronger performance that may affect on their long lives, this explains why motivation 2. 0 leads to decreasing of students’ progress. Therefore, if we can apply motivation 3. to students, we can reduce the emphasis on external rewards such as grades, class rank, and â€Å"pay for performance† (giving student money for good grades) and instead try to design tasks that allow students choice, challenge and purpose. Most students will be happy to work on their tasks in which they can determine things such as the product they will produce, or with whom they will work, especially if the task requires creative and critical thought, and if they see a real-life application to what they are doing. However, we need to recognize that most schools are still operating on motivation 2. . That is a problem between how we prepare students for work and how work actually operates. Moreover, the basic problem with Motivation 2. 0 is â€Å"if-then† rewards. In the summary of chapter 2, Pink explains why â€Å"if-then† reward is not good that â€Å"Traditional â€Å"if-then† rewards can give us less of what we want: They can extinguish intrinsic motivation, diminish performance , crush creativity, and crowd out good behavior† (220). Actually, â€Å"if-then† rewards often give less of what we are hoping to achieve and generally crush the stuff we want, like high performance, creativity, and good behavior.Anyway, motivation 2. 0 with external rewards is one of causes leads to decreasing of students’ progress because it motivates student only short term. This is because the extrinsically motivated students will do their task only as long as they receive their rewards and thereafter will stop performing the tasks, once the rewards are no longer there. Through the book â€Å"Drive† by Daniel H. Pink, I have a look at both motivation 2. 0 and motivation 3. 0; I could say that motivation 3. 0 is far stronger than motivation 2. 0 when it comes to motivate students in the long run.For me, I consider I need to apply the three elements of Motivation 3. 0 according to Pink to move forward in education. First, I need to gain autonomy which is my desire to be self-directed. Second, mastery in which is my desire to get better and better at something that matters. And third, purpose in which is my desire to be part of something larger than myself. Even though the system right now makes this very difficult to do, but I will not ignore standards, I believe I can and will find ways to engage myself in self-directed and meaningful work.

Motivation for Students with Reading Difficulties

NAVOTAS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL M. Naval St. , Sipac, Navotas City OBJECTIVE: DEFINE AND PROVIDE EXAMPLES OF GENRES OF LITERATURE AND FICTION Do Now: Write 3 – 4 sentences about the best book they have ever read. Tell me why it is so great. What did you like most about the book? Introduction: (Teacher Says) We are about to begin a Unit on Genre. Today we will define Genre, talk about different types of genre of literature. Ask the students why they think this would be useful. Have a student look up and read the definitions of the terms â€Å"genre† and â€Å"literature† from the dictionary. Paraphrase in appropriate language.Explain that as you discuss the different genres, students will list characteristics on their papers as well as write down titles they might like to read. Genre-A kind of literary or artistic work Literature-Creative writing of recognized artistic value Direct Instruction: Teacher will show a PowerPoint Presentation on genres of literature. Guid ed Practice Using the packet of texts teacher and student will read 2 of the 8 sample texts and discuss the genre of literature that 8t falls under. Then students will write 2 -3 sentences explaining why they think it's a certain Genre. Independent PracticeTeacher will break up the class into 4 -6   groups. Each group will be given a sample text to figure out which type of genre it is. Then they will great an advertisment for that text entising other students to read it. The main focus of the advertisment is to highlight the genre. Closing: What types of genre would you like to read that you haven't. Explain your answer. literary text types A variety of spoken, written and visual texts that promote use of imagination, thought or emotional response in the reader or listener. Example Related words * text * text types * narrative * poetry * literary * literary description * literary recount

General General Questions Essay

Post-Lab Questions: 1. Restate your hypothesis. Was it confirmed or denied? How do you know? 1. What affects did each of the contaminants have on the water in the experiment? Which contaminant seemed to have the most potent effect on the water? 1. On a larger scale, what type of affects would these contaminants have on a town’s water source and the people who drank the water? 1. What type of human activity would cause contaminants like oil, acid and detergents to flow into the water supply? 1. What other items within your house do you believe could contaminate the water supply if you were to dump them into the ground? Try using your knowledge to earn extra money while at school. Tutoring high school students or other college students can be a great opportunity. It is important to promote yourself as much as possible to bring in business. You can find local tutors on the Internet. This paperwork of SCI 207 Week 2 Laboratory 1 shows the solutions to the following problems: The purpose of this lab is to learn more about how connected you are to the ecosystems and biosphere that you inhabit. You will learn how your everyday choices contribute to the human impacts on our environment you General Questions – General General Questions Lab 2 – Experiment 1: Effects of Groundwater Contamination Post-Lab Questions: 1. Restate your hypothesis. Was it confirmed or denied? How do y†¦ To download this material Click this link – https://bitly.com/1xpzVt4 Try using your knowledge to earn extra money while at school. Tutoring high school students or other college students can be a great opportunity. It is important to promote yourself as much as possible to bring in business. You can find local tutors on the Internet. General Questions – General General Questions Lab 2 – Experiment 1: Effects of Groundwater Contamination Post-Lab Questions: 1. Restate your hypothesis. Was it confirmed or denied? How do you know? 1. What affects did each of the contaminants have on the water in the experiment? Which contaminant seemed to have the most potent effect on the water? 1. On a larger scale, what type of affects would these contaminants have on a town’s water source and the people who drank the water? 1. What type of human activity would cause contaminants like oil, acid and detergents to flow into the water supply? 1. What other items within your house do you believe could contaminate the water supply if you were to dump them into the ground? †¦

Legal Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Questions - Assignment Example 1) Civil Rights Act of 1964: This legislation ended racial segregation and discrimination in public accommodations, such as schools, hospitals and transport system. It also made it illegal for an employer to discriminate against anyone based on race, color, religion, or sex (Scheb and Stephens, 2011). 3) Voting Rights Act (1965): This piece of legislation gave all Americans the right to vote regardless of race, sex, color, or religion. In addition, it brought to an end the literacy tests. Further, it mandated the U.S. attorney to intervene in case of discrimination. The civil right legislations supplement the Equal Protection Clause in the sense that it protects citizens from all forms of discrimination that the Equal Protection Clause also protects people against. The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment protects citizens from being denied equal protection of the law by the state. This implies that the state has an obligation to treat every person equally in similar circumstances and conditions (Scheb and Stephens, 2011). Normally, when a police officer suspects that an individual is likely to commit a crime, he is allowed to stop the person, tie the suspect’s hands in the outer garments, and search if the suspect may be carrying a hidden weapon. This act of stopping and tying and searching a suspect is what is termed stop and frisk (del Carmen, 2012). Reasonable suspicion and probable cause and legal standards used by police officers in the enforcement of law. Reasonable suspicion is the presumption made by a police officer that a crime has committed or is about to be committed. These reasonable presumptions are based on facts and the situation, which are informed by the police officer’s training and experience. Reasonable suspicion is applicable when a police strongly suspect that an individual has committed a crime or is likely to commit a

Globalization in Transition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization in Transition - Research Paper Example What has happened about globalization so far, challenges the imagination of all concerned. It is impossible to predetermine or predict the outcomes and the shape of things to come. Human intervention and creativity have reached new zeniths and the developments that have taken place in various segments of globalization do not fall within the definitions of Capitalism, Communism, Socialism or Theocracy. Spread of democracy in the hardcore communist countries, which resulted in liberalization of trade relations, is also an important factor in hastening up the process of globalization. Narrow perspectives of nationalism have failed to check the economic reforms that are part of the process that accelerates the pace of development. The discussion is no more about whether there should be reforms to facilitate the march of globalization; it is about the strategy to implement reforms. The importance of transition economics is an accepted fact. The tug of war of votaries of globalization and the local manufacturing and local food markets will continue and the ultimate gainer is the consumer, as he has the choice. Is it possible to reconstitute local manufacturing and local food markets, or has globalization ultimately made this impossible? A straight forward answer to this question is impossibility. It is an admitted fact that the narrow domestic walls have crumbled. Firstly, let us try to understand the institution of market. The complex market institutions cannot develop in a theoretical or laboratory setting and then transplant them to economy. For the markets, transition to the ground realities is a complicated exercise. Institutions will take a long time to reshape and attain perfection. Globalization has challenged and will continue to challenge many of the old social and economic norms. Many such norms will die and many will need complete rejuvenation. Getting the reforms off from the national to

Ibn-Sina Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ibn-Sina - Research Paper Example The Samanid dynasty ruled so well until the 10th century when it began weakening. As such, by the time Avicenna was born, Nuh ibn Mansur had taken over Sultan in Bukhara, though he was struggling to maintain control of the empire. Ibn Sina was lucky to come from one of the influential families in the country. At the time of his birth, his father was the governor of the village. As a result, he was able to receive good education with the help of his father. He was also lucky to have grown up alongside some of the most learned people in the country. His biography indicates that Ibn Sina was a very clever child right from his childhood (Khan 3). At the age of ten, he was not only able to memorize and recite the Quran, but was also able to memorize most of the Arabic poetry. At only thirteen years of age, Ibn Sina began studying medicine. To the amazement of many, he was able to begin treating patients after just three years of his study. Apart from medicine, he also studied metaphysics and logic, being taught by some of the best lecturers of his time (Goodman 3). However, being passionate of knowledge, he was able to further his studies on all areas on his own. In his autobiography, we learn that Ibn Sina was mostly self-taught even though he also received help from others at crucial times. Ibn Sina remained unknown to many for a very long time. It is reported that his knowledge and skills in medicine is what made him known to the public. In this regard, Goodman (4) shows that his skills in medicine made him receive recognition from Samanid ruler Nuh Ibn Mansur and the rest of the nation. His medicine publications immediately proved of great value to the nation and the beyond. For example, his first major work, the canon (al-Qanun fi’l-Tibb), was adopted by many universities in Europe as a medical textbook (Heath 23). Like in the European countries, the Islamic world also used the canon as a medical textbook until the early modern period. After the success of his first major work, the canon, Ibn Sina came up with another publication, the Cure (al-Shifa’), which also had a huge influence upon European scholars of the time, like Thomas Aquinas. As a metaphysical philosopher of being, Ibn Sina was a philosopher with a lot of interest in understanding his existence in the world with regard to his contingency (Janssens 31). In fact, his philosophies were mainly rooted in trying to build a coherent and comprehensive system that conforms with the religious exigencies of the Islamic culture. It is for this reason that many people regard him as the first major Islamic philosopher. The most evident is his philosophical articulation of God as the Necessary Existence, from which his theory of the soul, cosmos, and intellect is based (Khan 14). In addition, Ibn Sina articulated a development in the philosophical enterprise in Islamic tradition, as opposed to apologetic issues of concern for building the relationship between philosophy and r eligion in an attempt to make a philosophical sense of key religious doctrines, as well as analyze and interpret the Quran (Goodman 6). Several researches have been conducted in the recent past in an attempt to locate Ibn Sina within the Neoplatonic and Aristotelian tradition. However, Ibn Sina strongly rejected the pre-existent theory, despite accepting Neoplatonic epistemology. In Islamic sciences, Avicenna wrote several short stories commenting on the selected verses of the Quran and chapters

Ethics assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics assignment - Essay Example have said that this serial has disregarded all forms of ethical values. According to virtue theories, virtuous character traits are developed in one's youth. Adults are responsible for instilling virtues in the young. (Ethics, excerpts from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). What are the serial teaching children It has portrayed a historical leader as a dubious, violent, rude and repulsive character! The character Mohandas thrives on slang! Even cursing has been uplifted by making use of a historical language like Sanskrit. (That is sheer blasphemy!) This view has been strongly supported by the PTA and PTC who specifically condemn the extreme violence. They further argue using Kant's categorical imperative1 which says "Treat people as an end and never as a means to an end" (qtd.in. Ethics, excerpts from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) saying that people's anger and the whole controversy is being used to make the serial popular. Is such a success morally right Duty theories consist of many duties, among which are duties towards others. German philosopher Samuel Pufendorf divided these duties2 into three; among which was-"avoid wronging others". The Indians are being wronged here by insulting their "Father of the Nation". The very fact that the character was named Mohandas Satyagraha in the original memo and made to act violently and regressively shows the deliberate attempt to make Gandhi a laughing stock! "Satyagraha" means the eternal follower of truth, whereas this character does no such thing! Why does the West repeatedly try to undermine the image of Gandhi, whether it is the MTV "Clone High" (Clone High, Wikipedia Encyclopedia) or "The Great Gandhi" Normative ethics says that we should do to others what we would want others to do to us.(Ethics, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Would the West accept one of their leaders made fun of in this way and to this extent Gandhi stood for peace and non-violence. While the whole world admired this quality this serial is denouncing and making a mockery of that principle! India respects him even today and looks up to him. This act will not go unnoticed. People will definitely protest this. Citing the theory of Act-Utilitarianism3 the consequences of this action should have been considered. (Ethics, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). This great leader's memory has been damaged. Who will pay for it The recent list of duties given by British philosopher W.D.Ross, under Duty Theory includes Reparation or the duty to compensate others when we harm them. (Ethics, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Who is going to compensate this moral damage caused This is merely an act of Ethical Egoism4. Only the profit of the production has been considered, completely ignoring people's sentiments. Gandhi is called the "Mahatma" in India. "Mahatma" means, 'the great soul'. People also called him "Bapu" or 'Father'. He was like God to Indians. Is this the way to treat such a revered figure Gandhi's character has been degraded and slurred. The same Gandhi who had introduced the term "Harijans" or 'people of God' to describe the lower caste people and abolish the caste system in India. It is as if, a deliberate attempt of racism. 'The great Gandhi' is like a blemish on the spirit of India! Counterviews 'The New Adventures of the Great Gandhi' is a comedy which revolves around the character Mohandas, based on the real Mohandas

The Use of the Draft by the United States of America Thesis Proposal - 1

The Use of the Draft by the United States of America - Thesis Proposal Example The nation has paid a price for this in terms of the efficacy of its military actions and the results of the military interventions forced on it as the keeper of world peace. It is well past the time when the policy of an all-volunteer army is revisited, and the draft at 18 is reinstated for the peace in the world and satisfaction of achieving responsibilities felt at home. The demise of the Soviet Union has raised the stakes of the U.S. as the sole military and economic superpower in the eyes of the world, with the added responsibility of providing freedom and justice and maintaining peace in the world. Such a pragmatic vision was held out by the Presidential candidate George W. Bush in 1999, â€Å"For America, this is a time of unrivaled military power, economic promise, and cultural influence† (Campbell & O’Hanlon, 2006, p.28). The new millennium was to witness this drive in terms of national security and responsibility to the world. Citizens of the U.S.A have never fought a war on their land for the mere safety of family, home and country, save during the War of Independence to remove the yoke of colonialism. During the War of Independence, there was no requirement for conscription, as men believed it was their obligation, as bravery and valor flowed in their blood. The all-volunteer army is a reflection of the erosion in such values and the belief that military service is an obligation of the men of the nation (Bailey, 2009). Opposing the draft and support for the all-volunteer army reinforces the consideration that the present generation has gone soft with easy living. Do we want our wives to wake up one morning with the realization that her husband sleeping next to her is a coward, unwilling to fight to protect her children, home, and country? Or do we want our children to grow up to the realization that we were yellow-livered chickens? Let’s shed our looking for the easy way of life and demonstrate a willingness to be responsible for family and home, not merely in materialistic things, but also in true values and principles, built on the blood of our forefathers.

Strategic Issues and Solutions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Issues and Solutions - Assignment Example If the client does not give access to every section- it usually turns down the offer. There are few traditional limitation were observed between the Crispin and the Burger Kind in 2004. The partner's pitched a plan for turning the packaging and tray liners into ad vehicles and changing the doors and parking lot signs before they ever pitched an ad idea. Then at MINI, and now VW, the agency has been creating a line of innovative gear for owners. For a brewing company Molson, they asked to spend $1 million retooling its bottling plant just for putting labels on bottles for Crispin just for using it as canvas for advertising along with some funny pickup lines. One recent decision that could potentially threat the company is of moving creative chief Bogusky, Keller, also 70 other staff to Boulder, Colo., in year 2008. So with many key creative staffers 2,000 miles away, the agency's ecosystem could loosen a bit. It gained popularity by working with major companies like BMW MINI and Truth in 1990 and 2000. The company used best Virtual marketing techniques, as used for Burger King's subservient chicken campaign (check this website- www.subservientchicken.com).It is also a member of MDC Partners (MDCA) which s a provider of marketing communications services to customers worldwide. In November 2007, MDC is raising its share from 49 per cent to 77 per cent. As it is one of the largest Advertising Company it has more than 650 employees which is one of the strength of this company. They are able to provide with innovative and creative advertising which makes them stand out in the advertising world. They have a diversify list of clients which makes them globally very popular. In 2006 the Crispin Porter & Bogusky got introduced in UK for the first time with Burger King. Weaknesses: The company is known for its creativity and has become renowned worldwide and in America for its best work. But still the power lies with the client. Furthermore, the ideas which the company comes up can be easily publicly traded in the market. Opportunities If company's clients are ready to put their accounts up for reviewing regularly, it can be known as one of the opportunity undoubtedly. The employees who are committed to their work and spend all their time to come up with the most creative and flawless idea for an ad- it surely is an opportunity for the company to flourish. Which makes everyone feels that they need advertising. Threats The world of advertising has now become highly saturated; there are trillions of companies to choose from. The threat of loosing clients is always hanging over every company as well as this company too. If Client ask the company to generate idea for the product or service and than they say 'we didn't like the idea'; so there is also a possibility that they can steal the ideas and make the ad on their own. The new agencies are always a threat as may try to copy the style of Crispin Porter+ Bogusky. Recommendations: Try to attract more clients and maintain the brand equity of Crispin Porter+ Bogusky maintain. Try to come up with nice strategic contracts which effectively lock new and existing clients with

Human resource management 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resource management 1 - Essay Example Why is this? Employees who are given opportunities to make a more balanced work schedule or enjoy autonomous job functions are likely to stay with the company, rather than exit to another company which might actually be willing to provide flexibility. HRM is not only about offering a more enhanced work environment for employees, with emphasis on autonomy and adaptable scheduling, flexibility can also represent a more streamlined approach to meeting the needs of the business. For instance, a company that has been experiencing diminished sales volumes due to improper customer support might manage the situation by identifying methods to boost motivation for employees to perform to higher productive standards. According to de Silva (1998), flexibility in fast-paced work environments might include team-working projects with creative themes or a series of unorthodox training programmes focused on humor and visual imagery in order to teach the fundamentals of customer service. streamlined, autonomous, and enjoyable working environment. Diminished turnover rates is the largest implication of flexible HRM policy. This tends to create a better camaraderie between manager and subordinate, reinforcing that employees are the cornerstone of business success and that their efforts are appreciated by a more progressive HR leadership team. Flexibility in HRM represents finding a method to boost increased motivation in subordinate staff members using methods to boost job satisfaction. Companies which do not offer these opportunities to employees continue to face higher turnover rates and diminished staff motivation to perform. The largest motivational aspect of flexibility is the autonomy given to employees to boost their willingness to

Reinforcement and Employees Essay Example for Free

Reinforcement and Employees Essay Q3. What tools does Walmart use to motivate employees? How might a lack of motivation affect associates and how should managers respond? Give me a W! Give me an A! Give me an L! Give me a squiggly! Give me an M! Give an A! Give me an R! Give me a T! What’s that spell? Walmart! Whose Walmart is it? It’s my Walmart ! Who’s number one? The customer! Always! The good times continue at Walmart, and so do hard work and achievement. For many employees, seeing peers rewarded for a job well done proves highly motivational. Executives at Walmart refer to the company as one big family. There are no grunts or gophers –no employee, no matter how new, is thought of as low person on the totem. According to the company’s â€Å"open door† policy, all associates are encouraged to speak freely, share concerns, and express ideas for improving daily operations. In return, they can expect managers to treat all discussions fairly with an open mind. The policy is right out of Walton’s playbook. â€Å"Listen to your associates,† Walton urged. â€Å"They’re the best idea generators.† The founder’s wisdom is routinely reaffirmed through the oft-repeated quote that â€Å"nothing constructive happens in Bentonville† – a reference to Walton headquarters. In Walton’s grass – roots ethic, local employees are the ones most likely to produce fresh ideas. One significant way managers can meet higher motivational needs is to shift power down from the top of organization and share it with employees to enable them to achieve goals. Empowerment is power sharing, the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an organization. Increasing employee motivation for task accomplishment because people improve their own effectiveness, choosing how to do a task and using their creativity. Empowerment is one way managers promote self- reinforcement and self- efficacy, as defined in the discussion of social learning. Empowering employees involves giving them four elements that enable them to act more freely accomplish their jobs: information knowledge, power, and rewards. First of all, employees receive information about company performance. In companies where employees are fully empowered, all employees have access to all financial and operational information. Secondly, employees have knowledge and skills to contribute to company goals. Companies use training programs and other development tools to help people acquire the knowledge and skills they need to contribute to organizational performance. The third motivation is employees have the power to make substantive decision. Empowered employees have the authority to directly influence work procedures and organizational performance, such as through quality circles or self- directed work teams. And last but not least, employees are rewarded based on company performance. Organizations that empower workers often reward them based on the results shown in the company’s bottom line. Organizations may also use other motivational compensation programs described in Exhibit 16.8 to tie employee efforts to company performance. Exhibit 16.8 Many of today’s organizations are implementing empowerment programs, but they are empowering workers to varying degrees. At some companies, empowerment means encouraging workers’ idea while managers retain final authority for decisions; at others it means giving employees almost complete freedom and power to make decisions and exercise initiative and imagination. Current methods of empowerment fall along a continuum, as illustrated in exhibit 16.9 . The continuum runs from situation in which front- line workers have almost no discretion, such as on a traditional assembly line, to full empowerment, where workers even participate in formulating organizational strategy. Exhibit 16.9 Perhaps the most important things managers can do to enhance organizational communication and dialogue can encourage people to communicate honestly with one another. Subordinates will feel free to transmit negative as well as positive message to managers without fear of retribution. Efforts to develop interpersonal skills among employees can also foster openness, honesty, and trust. Second, managers should develop and use formal communication channels in all direction. Scandinavian Designs uses two newsletters to reach employees. Dana Holding Corporation developed the â€Å"Here a Thought† board- called a HAT rack- to get ideas and feedback from workers. Other techniques include direct mail, bulletin boards, blogs, and employee surveys. Third, managers should encourage the use of multiple channels including both formal and informal communications. Multiple communication channels include written directives, face- to- face discussions, and the grapevine. For example, managers at GM’s Packard Electric plant use multimedia, including a monthly newspaper, frequent meeting of employees’ teams and an electronic news display in the cafeteria. Sending messages through multiple channels increases the likelihood that they will be properly received. Fourth, the structure should fit communication needs. An organization can be designed to use teams, task forces, project managers, or matrix structure as needed to facilitate the horizontal flow of information for coordination and problem solving. Structure should also reflect information need. When team or department task are difficult, a decentralized structure should be implemented to encourage discussion and participation. Empowerment is the process of distributing decision-making power throughout an organization. It is a process which enables employees to set personal work goals, make minor decisions and to solve conflicts by using their personal authority. Team Bonuses, in situations in which employees should cooperate with each other and isolating employee performance is more difficult, companies are increasingly resorting to tying employee pay to team performance. For example, in 2007, Wal-Mart gave bonuses to around 80% of their associates based on store performance. If empl oyees have a reasonable ability to influence their team’s performance level, these programs may be effective. One way Wal-Mart facilitates respect for an individual is through an open-door policy that allows employees of all levels to communicate with managers in higher levels of the company. This open-door policy is also a way of keeping unions from forming in the company. The philosophy is that when employees have avenues for expressing their complaints and problems, there will be no reason to have union representatives (Cray, 2000; Slater, 2003). However, people may question how effective this policy is, because employees still attempt to form unions. Walton also believed in the importance of having a clear flow of communication with his workers, claiming that the more information they received the harder they would work for him. â€Å"The more they know, the more they’ll understand,† he said. â€Å"The more they understand, the more they’ll care. Once they care, there’s no stopping them.† To Walton, the free flow of information between him and his worke rs demonstrated the trust and respect he had for them. Without that trust, Walton felt he could not succeed. â€Å"Information is power, and the gain you get from empowering your associates more than offsets the risk of informing your competitor,† he said. For Walton, the bottom line was to appreciate his workers and to make them feel valued. He knew that a paycheck and stock options alone would not guarantee loyalty or hard work. Instead, he realized the importance of making sure his workers knew they were appreciated. â€Å"Nothing else can quite substitute for a few well-chosen, well-timed, sincere words of praise,† he said. â€Å"They’re absolutely free – and worth a fortune.† By having motivated and loyal employees, Walton could then use them as his secret weapon. â€Å"The folks on the front lines – the ones who actually talk to the customer – are the only ones who really know what’s going on out there,† he said. By listening to his workers and their ideas, Walton could stay on top of his game; â€Å"This really is what total quality is about.† Listen to everyone in your practice/team. Obviously your team is a lot smaller than Wal-Mart, but Sams tactic of figuring out ways to get â€Å"front line† people talking holds true for advisors. You can gain a lot of insight into your clients, and it will help strengthen relationships with support personnel. And yes, listen to your clients too. continuous communication is the most important thing to remember. Change usually causes fear about different things. Communication must be very open, honest and encouraging. It also has to cover all the parties involved in the change. Happy employees mean happy customers. Walton admitted that initially he was so stingy and did not give good pay to his employees. But eventually he realized that he should give a larger payment to his employees because they are considered as â€Å"business partners†. According to Walton, who treated the way management is the same business partner in a way that applied to the consumer. If the business partner treats their customers well then the consumer will come again and again therein lies the advantage and business success. Walton also often visited his shop and asked for their opinions, especially employees who are on the front lines, those who actually faced and talking with customers, as people who know the real situation on the ground. Management’s number one goal with their employees is to make working at Wal-Mart fun and rewarding. They even have their own cheer to boost associates morale and organizational spirit (Wal-Mart, 2008). â€Å"Who’s Wal-Mart? It is my Wal-Mart† (Wal-Mart, 2008). This is the type of leadership styles that all organizations need to use. This style makes employees want to come to work everyday and they feel secure knowing that they are working for a great organization. Wal-Mart is like one big family and like to make their associates feel like they are an important part of keeping the doors open for everyone. If Walmart this organization are lack of motivation itll affects associates also called employees. Lack of motivation equates to less work being accomplished. Productivity does not disappear; it is usually transferred to aspects not related to the organizations work. Things like personal conversations, Internet surfing or taking longer lunches cost the organization time and money. Reduced productivity can be detrimental to an organizations performance and future success. Low employee motivation could be due to decreased success of the organization, negative effects from the economy or drastic changes or uncertainty within the organization. No matter what the cause, having the reputation of having an unpleasant work environment due to low employee motivation will ultimately impact how existing and potential clients or partners view working with an organization. A reputation can precede an organization and dictate its future in the industry. The reinforcement approach employee motivation sidesteps the issue of employee needs and thinking processes described in the content and process theories. Reinforcement theory simply looks at the relationship between behavior and its consequences. It focuses on changing or modifying employees’ on –the-job behavior through the appropriate use of immediate rewards and punishments. Behavior modification is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior. The basic assumption underlying behavior modification is the law of effect, which states that behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated. Reinforcement is defined as anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited. The four reinforcement tools are positive reinforcement, avoidance learning, punishment, and extinction, as summarized in exhibit16.6 Positive reinforcement is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior, such as praise for an employee who arrives on time or does a little extra work. Research shows that positive reinforcement does help to improve performance. Moreover, nonfinancial reinforcement such as positive feedback, social recognition, and attention are just as effective as financial incentives. One study of employees at fast- food drive- thru windows, for example, found that performance feedback and supervisor recognition had a significant effect on increasing the incidence of â€Å"up- selling† or asking customers to increase their order. Montage Hotels resorts, known for its culture of gracious yet humble service, uses a variety of employee recognition programs to positively reinforce employees for providing exceptional service. CEO Alan J. Fuerstman says â€Å"it’s simple psychology. People commit more acts of kindness when they are appreciated fo r them.† Avoidance learning is the removal of an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved, theory encouraging and strengthening the desired behavior. Avoidance learning is sometimes called negative reinforcement. The idea is that people will change a specific behavior to avoid the undesired result that behavior provokes. As a simple example, a supervisor who constantly reminds or nags an employee who is goofing off on the factory floor and stops the nagging when the employee stops goofing off is applying avoidance learning. Punishment is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee. Punishment typically occurs following undesirable behavior. For example, a supervisor may berate an employee for performing a task incorrectly. The supervisor expects that the negative outcome will serve as a punishment and reduce the likelihood of the behavior recurring. The use of punishment in organization is controversial and often criticized because it fails to indicate the correct behavior. However, almost all managers report that they find it necessary to occasionally impose forms of punishment ranging from verbal reprimands to employee suspensions or firings. Extinction is the withholding of a positive reward. Whereas with punishment, the supervisor imposes an unpleasant outcome such as a reprimand, extinction involves withholding praise or other positive outcomes. With extinction, undesirable behavior is essentially ignored. The idea is that behavior that is not positively reinforced will gradually disappear A New York Times reporter wrote a humorous article about how she learned to stop nagging and instead use reinforcement theory to shape her husband’s behavior after studying how professionals train animals. When her husband did something she liked such as throw a dirty shirt in the hamper, she would use positive reinforcement, thanking him or giving him a hug and a kiss. Undesirable behaviors, such as throwing dirty clothes on the floor, on the other hand, were simply ignored, applying the principle of extinction. Reward and punishment motivational practices based on the reinforcement theory dominate organizations. According to the Society for Human Resource Management, 84 percent of all companies in the United States offer some type of monetary or non- monetary reward system, and 69 percent offer incentive pay, such as bonuses, bases on an employee’s performance. However, in other studies, more than 80 percent of employers with incentive programs have reported that their programs are only somewhat successful or working at all. Despite the testimonies of organizations that enjoy successful incentive programs, criticism of these â€Å"carrot- and- stick† methods is growing, as discussed in the Manager’s Shoptalk. If rewards and motivation are failed to fulfill the employees the manager of Walmart should apply some positive reinforcement in order to safe the situation. Positive reinforcement is the practice of rewarding desirable employee behavior in order to strengthen that behavior. For example, when you praise an employee for doing a good job, you increase the likelihood of him/her doing that job very well again. Positive reinforcement both shapes behavior and enhances an employee’s self-image. Recognizing and rewarding desirable employee behavior is the essential key to motivating employees to work more productively. This method will reap many benefits, first it clearly defines and communicates expected behaviors and strengthens the connection between high performance and rewards. It reinforces an employee’s behavior immediately after learning a new technique and promotes quick, thorough learning. It motivates effective workers to continue to do good work. Lack of reinforcement leads to job dissatisfaction. It increases productivity by rewarding workers who conserve time and materials. Employees who are rewarded after they successfully perform feel self-confident and become eager to learn new techniques, take advanced training, and accept more re sponsibility. Rewarding employees who suggest improved work procedures will produce more innovation – if you create a relaxed work environment, reward new ideas and tolerate innovative failures. Employees who receive recognition for their achievements are more enthusiastic about their work, more cooperative, and more open to change. Besides that, when you show appreciation and reward employees for good work, youll be able to increase their job commitment and organizational loyalty. In conclusion, giving positive reinforcement does not mean that what is done incorrectly by an employee is to be ignored. Instead, it means to recognize what portion of the work was done correctly first, then follow-up with what can be done better the next time and why the performance or work result was not quite what was expected. If this means the manager must take some of the blame for not giving detailed instructions for the desired behavior or result, they should do so in an apologetic manner and then proceed to explain how the manager personally will try to do better. This is an excellent time for the manager to let the employee know they still have faith in them but need their help and cooperation by their asking questions if the managers instructions are not clear. This allows both the employee and manager to get better at communication, which results in improved task completion. Remember mangers need to give positive results first, then follow-up with what improvements are needed, apologize if necessary, and then reinforce what was done right again. When working the improvement or follow-up statement do not use the word but as this word often negates anything said before it and the employee may stop listening as they know a negative is coming next.

Black Panthers Party Essay Example for Free

Black Panthers Party Essay The American dream can just be a simple dream to many Americans particularly for the whites who are employed in some refutable companies. But this is not the case for the African-American. The American dream was simply to own a house and a little plot of land and a clean and descent place to live. Simple as it may sound but the great majority of the African Americans were excluded from that dream. During the period in which Frederick Douglas lived, the condition of the blacks were â€Å"dehumanizing† (Hubbard, 2007, p. 86) and Douglas himself experienced this dehumanizing condition as slave in the American South from his birth in 1818 to his escape from the North in 1838 . Up to the early 1900s men such as Riis and Du Bois signify upon the rising social consciousness of whites and blacks in America â€Å"as they focused on the dispossessed classes of American (Hubbard, p. 90). From these, it appears that the main theme of American dream during this period was not simply to own a house and a parcel of land but it also include the social conditions between the blacks and whites. It means of the dehumanizing conditions of the black because of the social discriminations. Both Douglas and Du Bois fought for the abolition of slavery. According to Joseph M. Flora, Lucinda Hardwick Mackethan, and Todd W. Taylor (2002) stated that in his 1845 narrative that â€Å"every tone was a testimony against slavery† (p. 19). The main themes of the American dream have to do with integration of the black American into the society with out discrimination for their being colored people, and the recognition of the blacks as fellow human being in terms of social and economic factors. In fact, this was the very agenda of notable black leaders such as Du Bois, and Douglas. ThePanthers movement in the 1960s was also aimed at drawing public attention as to the social and economic condition of the black community. Charles Earl Jones (1998) noted, â€Å"In the heart of Black communities with Black Panthers Party (BPP) affiliates, Panthers implemented numerous survival programs that fed, clothed, and provided medical services to community residents† (p. 1). However, the Panther was viewed by the authorities as outlawed paramilitary organization. Has the dream become more accessible since the time of those writers? Obviously not during their time! The existence of the Panther in the 1960s up to the eighties was a clear indication that the American dream of the early writers such as Douglas and Du Bois was never attained. As a matter of fact, the resurgence of the Black Panther Party ideology â€Å"provides a forum for progressive politics in the Oakland Bay Area† (Jones, p. 2). The rekindling of the interest in the BPP implied the condition of the blacks to remains socially and economically depressed. But it should be noted that condition have improved considerably, since then as more and more blacks are becoming socially visible and actively involve in society’s prominent activities. What has happened since the time of writing to create the current state of the issue for this groups or individuals? There have been many developments that had taken place since the time of those black intellectuals that created the current state of the issue for this group. Notable was the founding of the BPP which was a radical political party that was supposed to attract public attention to promote awareness about the condition of the black community. However, the party became outlawed and was relegated to radical paramilitary organization. Another important development was the change in social atmosphere for the black community as they can now actively engage in social and political activity. Black Individuals like Barack Obama, Oprah Winprey and famous sports personalities such Kobi Bryant, Michael Jordan and other black basketball players and those in other sports indicate that blacks finally gaining acceptance and recognition thereby achieving American dream. Reference Flora, M. J. MacKethan L. H. Taylor, T. (2002) The Companion to Southern Literature USA: LSU Press Hubbard, D. (2007) The Souls of Black Folk USA: University of Missouri Press Jones, C. (1998) The Black Panther Party (reconsidered): Reflections and Scholarship. USA: Black Classic Press.

Effect of Mineral Deficiency on Plant Growth

Effect of Mineral Deficiency on Plant Growth Aim To investigate the effect of mineral deficiencies towards the growth of Lemna sp Introduction Plants need water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to synthesise carbohydrates during photosynthesis. To synthesise nutrients and other organic substances, plants need additional elements. Mineral elements are one of the essential chemical elements required by plants in order to achieve optimal growth and development. Mineral elements are mostly obtained in the form of inorganic ions from the soil through their roots. Most of the time, the mineral ions in soil water are present only in low concentration, often lower than that in cytoplasm of root cells. So, in order to obtain mineral ions into the cells, they are taken up selectively against the concentration gradient by active transport, using energy from the respiration of plants.The uptake process occurs with the help of the specific protein pumps in the plasma membrane of the root cells. This usually results in accumulation of mineral ions in the root cells. The mineral ions are then carried in the apoplast or symplast pathway until they reach the endodermis containing impermeable Casparian strip.They then enter the cytoplasm of cells either by diffusion or active transport and reach the xylem of the plant to be transported in the water that moves up continuously in the transpiration stream. Once the mineral ions reach the tissues where they are needed, they move out of the xylem into the cells either by diffusion or active transport, depending on the permeability of cell membranes and relative concentrations of ions inside and outside the cells. Generally, mineral elements required by plants can be divided into two categories, macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients can be broken into two more groups: primary and secondary nutrients. The primary nutrients are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). These major nutrients usually are lacking from the soil first because plants use large amounts for their growth and survival. The secondary nutrients are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). There are usually enough of these nutrients in the soil so fertilization is not always needed. Also, large amounts of Calcium and Magnesium are added when lime is applied to acidic soils. Sulfur is usually found in sufficient amounts from to slow decomposition of soil organic matter, an important reason for not throwing out grass clippings and leaves.Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and is a necessary part of all proteins, enzymes and metabolic processes involved in the synthesis and transfer of energy. Nitrogen is a part of chlorophyll, the green pigment of the plant that is responsible for photosynthesis.Helps plants with rapid growth, increasing seed and fruit production and improving the quality of leaf and forage crops. Nitrogen often comes from fertilizer application and from the air (legumes get their N from the atmosphere, water or rainfall contributes very little nitrogen). Like nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is an essential part of the process of photosynthesis. Involved in the formation of all oils, sugars, starches, etc. Helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy; proper plant maturation; withstanding stress. Effects rapid growth. Encourages blooming and root growth. Phosphorus often comes from fertilizer, bone meal, and superphosphate. Potassium is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other mineral element except nitrogen and, in some cases, calcium. Helps in the building of protein, photosynthesis, fruit quality and reduction of diseases. Potassium is supplied to plants by soil minerals, organic materials, and fertilizer. Calcium, an essential part of plant cell wall structure, provides for normal transport and retention of other elements as well as strength in the plant. It is also thought to counteract the effect of alkali salts and organic acids within a plant. Sources of calcium are dolomitic lime, gypsum, and superph osphate. Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll in all green plants and essential for photosynthesis. It also helps activate many plant enzymes needed for growth. Soil minerals, organic material, fertilizers, and dolomitic limestone are sources of magnesium for plants. Sulfur is essential plant food for production of protein. Promotes activity and development of enzymes and vitamins. Helps in chlorophyll formation. Improves root growth and seed production. Helps with vigorous plant growth and resistance to cold. Sulfur may be supplied to the soil from rainwater. It is also added in some fertilizers as an impurity, especially the lower grade fertilizers. Lemna is a genus of free-floating aquatic plants from the duckweed family. These rapidly-growing plants have found uses as a model system for studies in community ecology, basic plant biology, in ecotoxicology, in production of biopharmaceuticals, and as a source of animal feeds for agriculture and aquaculture. The duckweeds have been classified as a separate family, the Lemnaceae, but some researchers (the AGP II) consider the duckweeds members of the Araceae.Lemna species grow as simple free-floating thalli on or just beneath the water surface. Most are small, not exceeding 5 mm in length, except Lemna trisulca which is elongated and has a branched structure. Lemna thalli have a single root, which distinguishes them from related genera Spirodela and Landoltia. The plants grow mainly by vegetative reproduction: two daughter plants bud off from the adult plant. This form of growth allows very rapid colonisation of new water. Duckweeds are flowering plants, and nearly all of them are known to reproduce sexually, flowering and producing seed under appropriate conditions. Certain duckweeds (e.g. L. gibba) are long day plants, while others (e.g. L. minor) are short day plants.When Lemna invades a waterway, it can be removed mechanically, by the addition of herbivorous fish (e.g. grass carp) or treated with a herbicide.The rapid growth of duckweeds finds application in bioremediation of polluted waters and as test organisms for environmental studies. It is also being used as an expression system for economical production of complex biopharmaceuticals. Duckweed meal (dried duckweed) is a good cattle feed. It contains 25-45% proteins (depending on the growth conditions), 4.4% fat, and 8-10% fibre, measured by dry weight. Lemna has been transformed by molecular biologists to express proteins of pharmaceutical interest. Expression constructs were engineered to cause Lemna to secrete the transformed proteins into the growth medium at high yield. Since the Lemna is grown on a simple medium, this substantially reduces the burden of protein purification in preparing such proteins for medical use, promising substantial reductions in manufacturing costs. In addition, the host Lemna can be engineered to cause secretion of proteins with human patterns of glycosylation, an improvement over conventional plant gene-expression systems. Several such products are being developed, including monoclonal antibodies. Problem Statement: How do the deficiencies of minerals affect the growth of Lemna sp ? Hypothesis: Lemna plants grow healthily in complete culture solution. When there is deficiency of certain minerals, Lemna plants will show the symptoms of deficiency of that particular minerals. Variables Manipulated: Type of mineral deficiencies Responding: The growth of Lemna sp Fixed: Intensity of sunlight, type,size and number of Lemna plants used, concentration of carbon dioxide and volume of solution Apparatus Petri dishes Petri dishes cover forceps measuring cylinder droppers. Materials A range of solutions including solutions with all solutions present lacking nitrogen, NO3- lacking phosphate, PO43- lacing potassium, K+ lacking magnesium, Mg2+ lacking calcium, Ca2+ lacking zinc, Zn2+ lacking iron, Fe2+ Lemna Stickers Tissue paper Procedures One petri dish and its cover is washed using water and dried using tissue paper. Four pairs of Lemna sp are picked out using a forceps and placed inside the clean petri dish. This step is done with extra care as to minimise the damage done to the Lemna sp. Step 1 and 2 are repeated 8 times to prepare 8 petri dishes , each containing 4 pair of Lemna sp. The culture solutions are measured at 15ml using a measuring cylinder. Every petri dish is then filled with different culture solutions with different mineral deficiencies, NO3-,PO43-,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,Zn2+,Fe2. The last petri dish is filled with perfect culture solution in which all the minerals are present. All the petri dishes are placed at a spot where light intensity is just sufficient for the Lemna sp to grow. The Lemna sp are observed carefully for a full 10days of study. The Lemna sp. are observed for the number of leaves ,the colour of leaves and the number of plants with roots. The observations or data are recorded into a table. Results Day 2 Number of live plants:  4 Number of green leaves:  10 Number of plants with roots:  1 Growth abnormalities:  None Day 4 Number of live plants:  6 Number of green leaves:  17 Number of plants with roots:  3 Growth abnormalities:  None Day 6 Number of live plants:  12 Number of green leaves:  28 Number of plants with roots:  6 Growth abnormalities:  None Day 8 Number of live plants:  15 Number of green leaves:  36 Number of plants with roots:  11 Growth abnormalities:  None Day 10 Number of live plants:  20 Number of green leaves:  57 Number of plants with roots:  13 Growth abnormalities:  None Table 1 Data for normal culture solution (Control experiment) Number of live plants:   Number of green leaves:   Number of plants with roots:   Growth abnormalities:   Day 2 Number of live plants:  4 Number of green leaves:  8 Number of plants with roots:  21 Growth abnormalities:  None Day 4 Number of live plants:  4 Number of green leaves:  11 Number of plants with roots:  2 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn pale green Day 6 Number of live plants:  6 Number of green leaves:  17 Number of plants with roots:  4 Growth abnormalities:   Growth of root stunted Leaves turn yellowish Day 8 Number of live plants:  7 Number of green leaves:  22 Number of plants with roots:  5 Growth abnormalities:   Growth stunted Leaves turn paler and yellowish Day 10 Number of live plants:  8 Number of green leaves:  27 Number of plants with roots:  6 Growth abnormalities:   Growth of root stunted Leaves turn very pale green or yellowish Table 2 Data for culture solution lacking nitrate ions Day 2 Number of live plants:  4 Number of green leaves:  8 Number of plants with roots:  0 Growth abnormalities:  None Day 4 Number of live plants:  6 Number of green leaves:  13 Number of plants with roots:  1 Growth abnormalities:  None Day 6 Number of live plants:  7 Number of green leaves:  16 Number of plants with roots:  2 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn pale green Day 8 Number of live plants:  9 Number of green leaves:  20 Number of plants with roots:  4 Growth abnormalities:   Leaves turn pale green and yellowish Some leaves appear to be twisted Day 10 Number of live plants:  11 Number of green leaves:  24 Number of plants with roots:  6 Growth abnormalities:   Most leaves turn yellowish Some leaves bleached Table 3 Data for culture solution lacking of sulphate ions Day 2 Number of live plants:  4 Number of green leaves:  8 Number of plants with roots:  0 Growth abnormalities:  Edges of leaves turn yellow Day 4 Number of live plants:  5 Number of green leaves:  10 Number of plants with roots:  1 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn yellow Day 6 Number of live plants:  7 Number of green leaves:  15 Number of plants with roots:  2 Growth abnormalities:  Some leaves curl and crinkle Day 8 Number of live plants:  9 Number of green leaves:  19 Number of plants with roots:  3 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn yellow Day 10 Number of live plants:  10 Number of green leaves:  22 Number of plants with roots:  5 Growth abnormalities:   Leaves turn yellow Some leaves decompose Table 4 Data for culture solution lacking of potassium ions Day 2 Number of live plants:  4 Number of green leaves:  8 Number of plants with roots:  0 Growth abnormalities:  None Day 4 Number of live plants:  5 Number of green leaves:  10 Number of plants with roots:  0 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn pale green Day 6 Number of live plants:  7 Number of green leaves:  19 Number of plants with roots:  1 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn pale green or yellowish Day 8 Number of live plants:  8 Number of green leaves:  22 Number of plants with roots:  2 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn white and yellowish Day 10 Number of live plants:  9 Number of green leaves:  25 Number of plants with roots:  4 Growth abnormalities:  Almost all leaves yellow or bleached Table 5 Data for culture solution lacking of magnesium ions Day 2 Number of live plants:  2 Number of green leaves:  4 Number of plants with roots:  0 Growth abnormalities:   All plants die Areas between leaf veins turn yellow Day 4 Number of live plants:  0 Number of green leaves:  0 Number of plants with roots:  0 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn white Day 6 Number of live plants:  0 Number of green leaves:  0 Number of plants with roots:  0 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn white Day 8 Number of live plants:  0 Number of green leaves:  0 Number of plants with roots:  0 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn white and disintegrate Day 10 Number of live plants:  0 Number of green leaves:  0 Number of plants with roots:  0 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves disintegrate Table 6 Data for culture solution lacking of calcium ions Day 2 Number of live plants:  4 Number of green leaves:  9 Number of plants with roots:  0 Growth abnormalities:  None Day 4 Number of live plants:  6 Number of green leaves:  17 Number of plants with roots:  2 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn yellowish Day 6 Number of live plants:  9 Number of green leaves:  23 Number of plants with roots:  6 Growth abnormalities:  Some leaves turn pale green Day 8 Number of live plants:  13 Number of green leaves:  30 Number of plants with roots:  11 Growth abnormalities:  Some leaves turn dark green with red or purple spots Day 10 Number of live plants:  15 Number of green leaves:  34 Number of plants with roots:  12 Growth abnormalities:   Stunted growth Roots grow poorly Table 7 Data for culture solution lacking of phosphate ions Day 2 Number of live plants:  4 Number of green leaves:  8 Number of plants with roots:  1 Growth abnormalities:  None Day 4 Number of live plants:  7 Number of green leaves:  16 Number of plants with roots:  4 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn pale green Day 6 Number of live plants:  11 Number of green leaves:  29 Number of plants with roots:  7 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn pale green or yellow Day 8 Number of live plants:  14 Number of green leaves:  32 Number of plants with roots:  10 Growth abnormalities:  Some leaves completely bleached Day 10 Number of live plants:  18 Number of green leaves:  41 Number of plants with roots:  14 Growth abnormalities:  Leaves turn pale green or yellow or completely bleached Table 8 Data for culture solution lacking of iron ions Discussion In this experiment, we are determining the effect of minerals deficiencies on the growth of Lemna  sp. The manipulated variable used is the type of minerals deficiencies. The culture solutions used in  this experiment have different minerals deficiencies which are Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Iron, and Potassium ions. There is a solution which does not have any minerals deficiencies. It is a perfect culture solution. This culture solution is used as a control in this experiment to compare the effect of different minerals deficiencies with the perfect culture solution. The conditions of Lemna sp. in other culturesolutions with minerals deficiencies are compared with the Lemna sp. in the control solution. The responding variable is growth of the Lemna sp. where we count the number of leaves and observe the colour of leaves at the end of experiment. Lemna sp. is used because they are easy to find, observe and count the number of leaves. The number and colour of t he leaves are recorded into a table. The fixed variable used is the amount of sunlight and air obtained. The petri dishes which are involved in the experiment are placed on a spot where sunlight can reach them. This situation is fixed so that it will not affect the result which is the number and colour of the leaves. Besides, volume of culture solution is also one of the fixed variable. This is an important fixed variable because different volume of culture solution will affect the rate of growth of Lemna sp. moreover, different volume of culture solution will also affect the number of leaves at the end of experiment. Thus, constant or fixed volume of each culture solution is needed so that it will give a valid result for the data. Last but not least, type of plant used is also another fixed variable. Different plants have different growth rate. Therefore, Lemna sp. is used because it is easy to find and observe. Every petri dishes need to be synchronised together by using Lemna sp. Interpretation of Data The analysis of data can be done by tabulating the data from Table 1. Table 1 show the observations obtained on the growth of Lemna plants after ten days of investigation. Based on the results obtained, it can be seen that the absence of different mineral elements has different effects on growth of Lemna plants. Lemna plants grow into healthy plants in complete culture solution. Their growth increases rapidly as seen from the table with number of live plants increases from 4 to 20, number of green leaves increases from 10 to 57 and number of plants with roots increases from 1 to 13. There is no growth abnormality. This is because normal culture solution provides them with all the necessary mineral. ions at appropriate concentrations for optimal growth. In culture solution deficient of nitrogen ions, chlorosis takes place as the leaves turn pale, due to lack of chlorophyll as it plays a role as a major component of chlorophyll. Nitrate ion is needed for the formation of amino acid, enzymes and plant hormones. Lacking of nitrate ion causes no amino acids, enzymes and plant hormones produced at all. Photosynthetic enzymes and hormones which is essential for the metabolism of plant cell cannot be made. Therefore, the growth is stunted with only minor increase of number of live plants from 4 to 8, and increase in number of green leaves until the end of experiment with a difference of 5 and a notable decrease in number of plants with roots from 21 to 6. Sulphate ions deficiency affects the production of chlorophyll leading to an overall chlorosis of the leaves with general yellowing of leaves observed. This is observed with a steady increase in number of green leaves, with difference of 4 at the end of experiment, indicating that more leaves are turning yellow. Some leaves appear to be twisted and brittle. Stunted root growth is also observed as towards the end of the experiment, the root growth is constant with difference of 2 plants with roots observed every 2 days. Potassium ions deficiency shows first in marginal chlorosis, that is yellowing at the edges of the leaves as observed on Day 2. It is also observed that the number of live plants and green leaves increases with a decreasing rate with the leaves curl and being crinkly. Some parts of the plants decompose as seen on Day 10 as premature death occurs because lack of potassium affects various activities of plants such as protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, enzymatic activities and others. Potassium ion is needed for the active transport in the guard cells. Guard cells actively pumps in potassium ion so that the stoma will open as water flow by osmosis from low solute concentration region to high solute concentration region. Lacking of potassium ion causes the stoma to close. This eventually affect the rate of photosynthesis. Sugars cannot be made and the metabolism of plant cells is affected. Therefore, the growth rate is affected and the number of leaves at the end of experiment i s reduced. As magnesium is an essential part of the chlorophyll molecule, plants lacking of magnesium show chlorosis in which all the leaves turn yellow and eventually die. In the absence of magnesium, the synthesis of the chlorophyll is inhibited. This is shown with the small and decreasing difference in number of live plants and green leaves towards the end of the experiment, illustrating that number of leaves turning yellow or white increases, because of chlorosis. In culture solution deficient of calcium ions , areas between leaf veins become yellow are observed on second day. The leaves have distorted shape. Growth of the leaves is stunted and the growing points die back too as lack of calcium affects plant cell growth and enzymatic reactions. This is shown with no more living Lemna plants from Day 4 onwards as all the leaves turn white and disintegrate. This happens because calcium ion is needed for the formation of cell wall during cell division. Lacking of calcium ion will cause no cell division occur as calcium pectate cannot be formed. Permeability of the cell is also affected. Lacking of calcium causes the cell sap and the cytosol diffuse out of the cell. This will cause the death of cells. Phosphorus deficiency results the leaves turning to dark green color with red or purple spots on them surfacing on the day 8 of the experiment. They grow slowly and their roots grow poorly as compared to others with only difference of 1 plant with root between Day 8 and 10. This happens because phosphorus is necessary in almost all aspects of growth and metabolism in plants. In culture solution deficient of iron, there is chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) at the base of the leaves, leading to some completely bleached leaves. Deficiency in iron leads to decrease in chlorophyll molecules, causing chlorosis. However, in this experiment, the number of lives plants, green leaves and plants with roots generally increases instead of decreases. Ferum ion is needed for the formation of chlorophyll. Lacking of ferum ion causes no synthesis of chlorophyll. No production of chlorophyll will cause the colour of leaves to change as the colour of chlorophyll is green. Source of errors and ways to overcome these error: Errors are present when the experiment is being conducted, leading to discrepancy and inaccuracy in results obtained. No measurement is exact. All types of measurement will have some degree of error or uncertainty. Generally, errors can be divided into systematic errors and random errors. Systematic errors are cumulative errors that can be corrected, if known. Random errors are errors arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in condition while carrying out the experiment. Random errors may be due to human limitations, lack of sensitivity, natural environment and use of wrong technique of measurement. Random errors are present in this experiment. Thus, it is best to be minimized by repeating the experiment a couple of times. Parallax error is one example of random errors. It is an error in reading an instrument when the observers eyes are not in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale of measuring instrument. For this experiment, the culture solution placed into each petri dish may not be exactly 15cm3. This happens when the position of the eyes is not directly perpendicular to the meniscus of the culture solution in the 10cm3 measuring cylinder. Varying volume of culture solution in different petri dishes may slightly affect the growth of the Lemna plants as the higher the volume of culture solution, the higher the amount of mineral nutrients present, the higher the rate of growth of Lemna plants. Thus, to improve the accuracy of data, parallax error should be avoided while taking any measurement in the experiment. Furthermore, human errors like being too harsh when handling the Lemna plants is also one of the sources. This may do damage to the plants and greatly affects the survival rate and the growth of the plant. The observers may also wrongly count the number of leaves leading to unreliable results being produced. Limitations: The impurities found in the culture solution will affect the validity of the result. This occurs when the culture solution is being prepared. The impurities contained inside the water will enter the culture solution and hence contaminate the solution. This varies the amount of minerals found within each solution and this may affects the growth of Lemna sp. In addition, there is also limitation from the visual method of diagnosis used in obtaining results of the experiment. This is because symptoms of certain mineral deficiencies may be suppressed by others factor besides lack of certain mineral elements. For example, the weather conditions such as light illumination. Light illumination to which the Lemna plants are exposed to may vary when a few petri dishes are placed too close together or on top of another, blocking each other, affecting the amount of light received by the Lemna plants in the petri dishes. All these may lead to wrong results and conclusions being obtained. Thus, we ather conditions should be ensured being one of the constant variables in this investigation too. Besides, the disease-causing microorganisms will cause the death of the Lemna sp. indirectly. This will also affect the number of leaves at the end of experiment obtained and the observers may be ignorant for this fact and attribute the death of the Lemna plants to the deficiencies of certain minerals. Intraspecific competition is also present among the Lemna plants. They may compete for all the known necessities, like water, air sunlight as well as minerals. Those that failed to compete maybe wiped out and hence lead to death. This point also points out that the death in number of Lemna plants may not be completely due to the deficiencies of minerals in plants. Human limitation is one of the limitation and random errors in this experiment. The results of the experiment may have been affected due to the limitation in the observers observation skills when observing the growth of plants. Although the deficiency symptoms shown by Lemna plants for each mineral elements investigated are quite visually distinct, mistakes can still occur especially when they are viewed by different observers. For example, different observers may misidentify and count different number of Lemna leaves in a petri dish. Besides that, observer may also mixed up between different deficiency symptoms shown by Lemna plants especially those complicated ones, leading to inaccuracy of results. To minimize such error, the observations on the Lemna plants should be carried

Ratification of the American Constitution :: American America History

Ratification of the American Constitution With the Constitution, the elite society protected rights for every American that would secure and ensure our nation's existence for hundreds of years. Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States' government was in a state of chaos. To end the existing chaos and build a stronger democratic society for the future, the government would need to be more powerful and centralized. Thus, the elite class established the rules and boundaries that would protect the rights of all citizens from a suppressive government. The Articles created a weak, almost nonexistent national government that was in complete control by the states. The newly formed government had neither an executive or judicial branch, which meant that it lacked enforcement powers. There were three problems that existed under the Articles of Confederation that would spawn an act of change. First, under the Articles of Confederation the government could not protect property and other rights of the citizens. Second, the society created under the Articles of Confederation lacked a means of advancing commerce and interstate trade. Third, government lacked the money and power to provide an adequate national defense. Traders and commercial men found their plans for commerce on a national scale impeded by local interference with interstate commerce. The currency of the states and the nation were hopelessly muddled. Creditors everywhere were angry about the depreciated paper money which the agrarians had made and were attempting to force upon those from whom they had borrowed specie. Poor, small landowning farmers could not sell or trade goods that they produced on their land to other states. The "muddled currency" in 1786, led to the loss of land in Massachusetts. During this time Continental army veterans were unable to pay their debts with the paper money that they were supplied with by the Continental Congress. This bankruptcy led to the loss of land and a great rebellion led by Daniel Shays. The Shay's rebellion was ended easily enough but it was the lack of national government that frightened people. Had Daniel Shays gathered a larger number of people and had more fire power the small amount of farmers and townspeople might not have been able to squash this rebellion. Anarchy in the States could not be tolerated. However it was James Madison that stated that the way to abolish the rule by faction is to abolish liberty but that liberty is essential to a faction Ratification of the American Constitution :: American America History Ratification of the American Constitution With the Constitution, the elite society protected rights for every American that would secure and ensure our nation's existence for hundreds of years. Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States' government was in a state of chaos. To end the existing chaos and build a stronger democratic society for the future, the government would need to be more powerful and centralized. Thus, the elite class established the rules and boundaries that would protect the rights of all citizens from a suppressive government. The Articles created a weak, almost nonexistent national government that was in complete control by the states. The newly formed government had neither an executive or judicial branch, which meant that it lacked enforcement powers. There were three problems that existed under the Articles of Confederation that would spawn an act of change. First, under the Articles of Confederation the government could not protect property and other rights of the citizens. Second, the society created under the Articles of Confederation lacked a means of advancing commerce and interstate trade. Third, government lacked the money and power to provide an adequate national defense. Traders and commercial men found their plans for commerce on a national scale impeded by local interference with interstate commerce. The currency of the states and the nation were hopelessly muddled. Creditors everywhere were angry about the depreciated paper money which the agrarians had made and were attempting to force upon those from whom they had borrowed specie. Poor, small landowning farmers could not sell or trade goods that they produced on their land to other states. The "muddled currency" in 1786, led to the loss of land in Massachusetts. During this time Continental army veterans were unable to pay their debts with the paper money that they were supplied with by the Continental Congress. This bankruptcy led to the loss of land and a great rebellion led by Daniel Shays. The Shay's rebellion was ended easily enough but it was the lack of national government that frightened people. Had Daniel Shays gathered a larger number of people and had more fire power the small amount of farmers and townspeople might not have been able to squash this rebellion. Anarchy in the States could not be tolerated. However it was James Madison that stated that the way to abolish the rule by faction is to abolish liberty but that liberty is essential to a faction

Operation Barbarossa - Hitlers Russian Offensive :: World War II History

Operation Barbarossa - Hitler's Russian Offensive The Russians Would never have joined the war if it weren't for the German invasion of 1941 - Operation Barbarossa. This parallels the USA intervention - they only joined because the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbour. Operation Barbarossa commenced on the 22nd June, 1941. Just over 3,000,000 German troops invaded the USSR. Stalin doubted the country ability to perform well on the battlefield since the Finnish War, refused to counteract the Germans preparations, for fear of provoking them into war. The Russians concluded that the German form of attack - The Blitzkrieg - would not be possible on Russia. The German infantry outnumbered the Russian, but the Russians had more artillery and aviation forces. The Russian infantry was told that it was not to retreat, do was destined to become destroyed or captured. The Germans set up 3 army groups, and assigned them to 3 different areas:- North - Leningrad Central - Moscow South - Kyyiv The generals agreed that they had to lock the Russian forces into battle, in order to prevent them escaping into the rest of the vast country. However, they disagreed on how to do this. The majority of them thought that they would sacrifice everything to protect Moscow; the capital; the centre of industry; the centre of all the networks and transport. Hitler disagreed. He believed that the Ukrainian area - for its resources - and the oil of the Caucasus were much more crucial. A compromise was made. Army Group Centre would march towards Moscow. The victory was predicted for ten weeks ahead. This timing was crucial because it would be impossible to fight once the short Russian summer had ended. Things seemed to happen a lot faster. In the first month Germans had already encircled Bialystok and Minsk, and on August 5th, the Germans crossed the Dnepr River, the last natural obstruction to Moscow. The group defeated a small force in Smolensk, capturing another 300,000. When it had reached Smolensk, it was two-thirds of the way there. Hitler decided to change plan. He sent the group north to help the other two groups, ignoring the generals' protests, thereby stopping the advance to Moscow. On September 8th Army Group North had, together with the Finnish army, brought Leningrad to siege. On September 16th Army Group South had captured Kyyiv, with 665,000 prisoners.

Ebola And Marburg Viruses :: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola HF)

The Ebola and Marburg viruses are extremely lethal viruses that have placed repugnant thoughts on the minds of many people that have any background knowledge on this field of viral infections. Where does it come from? Where does it hide? What could it do to me? As these questions burn holes in the minds of many people, something should be done to learn more about these horrendous viruses. People sometimes become scared stiff from the thought of the bone-chilling effects from these viruses, and had good reason to. "Ebola, the slate wiper, did things to people that you did not want to think about. The organism was too frightening to handle even for those who were comfortable and adept in space suits." (paperback pg.63-64 - Project Ebola). A large, shy man by the name of Gene Johnson was the first pioneer to venture out to find the roots of the Ebola and Marburg viruses. Gene spent many years in Central Africa looking for these viruses. After digging up virtually every piece of land in Central Africa, Gene Johnson wound up without a single case or report of a virus. A man by the name of Charles Monet and a young boy referred to in this book as Peter Cardinal both contracted the same level 4 hot virus. There is only one connection between Charles and Peter. "The paths of Charles Monet and Peter Cardinal had crossed at only one place on earth, and that was inside Kitum Cave." (pg. 140 - Cardinal). Kitum Cave is where the virus is expected to be living or where the history of the Ebola virus lays. So Kitum Cave is where the search for the deadly virus begins. Led by Gene Johnson, the team members on the Kitum Cave expedition set up many differing animals inside the cave with the hope that one of the animals would contract the virus. Even though the expedition's results came out negative, Kitum Cave is still the only logical place where the virus thrives. There have been a handful of outbreaks as the cause of a shipment of monkeys to a civilized community. For example, this occurred from a monkey shipment to an old city in central Germany. Killing 7 out of the 31 people it infected, this virus would later be named after the city it erupted in, Marburg. The monkeys posed as the host in this terrifying disaster. The possibility that humans are the natural host is very, very unlikely. "...its original host was probably not monkeys, humans, or guinea pigs but some other animal or insect

I love my india Essay

This essay describes about the Incredible India which is an eco-tourism business in India. It basically focuses upon to identify the sustainable policies which they use to make the tourists destination more sustainable. It even describes the policy they use such as Bio-logical-diversity, resource efficiency and environment purity. After describing each and every policy it states about the effectiveness of the policy and how does it help to reduce the negative impact on the environment. As it has been mentioned below such as under Bio-logical diversity it includes working with national parks and protected areas, and working with private parks and reserves. Under resource efficiency it includes Minimizing the water consumption by the tourism sector, Minimizing the consumption of energy, Promoting a reduce, recycle, and reuse mentality. Under the section of environmental purity it includes Promoting the use of more sustainable transport, Limitations over the use of harmful chemicals, minimizing the wastage and disposes it carefully, influencing the development of new tourism facility. After that for additional information it has also stated the government policies. To start up with let’s focus on the eco-tourism. The word eco-tourism came from a marketing agency who was actually promoting Costa Rica as a rain forest destination after that it was seen as an exact market for the WTO (World Tourism organization). Eco-tourism is more than a catch phrase for nature loving and recreation. Eco-tourism is mainly for sustaining the world’s natural and cultural environment. So it actually accommodates and entertains the visitors in such a way which has a minimum impact on the native cultures in the location they are operating in. Saving the natural luxuries and forest life from getting destructed is called as eco-tourism (Incredible India, n.d.). There is no specific definition for the eco-tourism; the World Tourism Organization defines eco-touris as â€Å"Tourism which involves visiting to the natural areas which are undisturbed, with a specific objective of studying, enjoying and admiring the natural beauty and the wild animals and plants, and any other cultural aspects found in these areas is known as Eco-tourism† (Piedrablanca, 2007). The Eco-tourism business which has been chosen is Incredible India. Before identifying their sustainable policies let’s focus more about Incredible India. The ministry of tourism is the agency is the formulation of all the national policies and various programmes and for the co-ordination of other activities for the central government. The ministry is headed by the union minister and controlled by the minister of state of tourism (Incredible India, n.d.). Here are some of the major sustainable policies. 1) Bio-logical Diversity: This policy states regarding the support to the natural areas, and wild-life and minimize damage to them. This is an area where most of the negative and positive impacts can be felt. The environments which actually attract the tourists are destructed, so due to that this policy actually helps to protect the bio-diversity. Such as working with private parks and reserves, this includes that the private parks do have the high level of conservation, and makes sure that the private parks do not draw off the resources, which includes tourism income. After discussing about the bio-logical diversity let’s bit focus upon its effectiveness. a) Working with national parks and other protected areas: It actually gives the opportunity to strengthen the protection to avoid the negative impacts on the tourism, and focus upon the sustainaible tourism that would increase the visitor awareness and support for conservation. This important policy issues include: Arranging up the national guideline s on sustainable tourism in protected areas. Extending the coverage areas for both terrestrial and marine to protect the areas, such as buffer zones. Optimizing the level of use of park admissions to support its range of objectives. b) Working with private parks and reserves: This policy actually encourages the people to work with private parks and reserves. This policy includes the priorities such as: It actually helps to maintain the high conservation of the private parks and its standards. It helps to make the public and private parks in to single bio-diversity plan. 2) Resource efficiency: This policy states to minimize the use of non-renewable resources in the development and process of tourism conveniences and service. A sustainable future is completely depended upon the management of the resources to make  sure about the availability of the resources in the present and for the upcoming generation. Resources which are non-renewable and which are limited are of main concern such as land, fresh water, fossil fuels and so on. Fresh water is an very important resource which lacking but are been consumed at the higher level by the tourists. It has been proved that tourists do use 15 to 20 times more water than the locals, due to that most of the tourist’s destinations in India are providing limited fresh water for the tourists. Let’s discuss more about the policy and what all it includes. a) Minimizing the water consumption by the tourism sector: As it has been discussed above that the tourists actually consume more resources than what locals do so to restrict it to certain level this policy includes, Limiting the water hungry facilities such as golf, and swimming pools Encourages the installation of water through technology which has low flow showers and toilets. Improving the infrastructure such as leakages. b) Minimizing the consumption of energy: There are some following points which helps to minimize the consumption of energy in to the tourist destination such as, They provide renewable energy resources in most of the tourist destinations in India. They encourage resource efficient transport choices. They even encourage the tourists to be responsible in terms of using the energy. C) Promoting a reduce, recycle, and reuse mentality: Eco-tourism businesses such as Incredible India are mainly focusing on encouraging the reuse of the materials. And the policies which are used to support are as follows: a) Purchasing to supplies from sustainable sources. This can be actually help by the good information on local accessibility of such sources. b) Minimizing use of unnecessary packaging. c) Encouraging the creativity from the products which are been used so it can be reused. 3) Environmental Purity: This is the policy which is been followed by Incredible India, which actually helps to reduce the waste, and other harmful gases this helps to  maintain and improve the quality of the air, water, land, and health and bio-diversity. These actions illustrate all the pollution prevention and control throughout the lifecycle for the development of the tourism, during and after the use of facilities, and impacts on tourists themselves (unep, 2005). To minimize the pollution of air, land, water and the generation of waste made by the visitors. To do that there are certain policies which is been followed by Incredible India, such as a) Promoting the use of more sustainable transport: This includes Favours low impact of transport. This actually put on both journeys to and within the destination. Most of the tourists in India are encouraged to go by walking or by cycling within the destination, which actually reduces the negative impact on the environment. b) Limitations over the use of harmful chemicals: They are also putting on some limitations over the chemicals which might be harmful for the environment such as pesticides, fungicides, and chlorine in to the swimming pools. The enterprise even contributes over the depletion of the ozone layer by releasing CFC in to the atmosphere from packaging insulations, air conditioners and so on. c) Minimizing the wastage and dispose it carefully: Tourism is a kind of industry which is a major producer of the waste and disposable of non-degradable waste is an important issue especially in to the remote areas. These wastes can be real danger to the life of wild-life. Due to that government are providing some facilities where these wastes can be disposed of safely. d) Influencing the development of new tourism facility: Government of India are taking some intiatives to provide some new tourism facilities in such a way where it is least harmfull for the environment, such as: The location of new development, this includes the location in terms of the sensitivity of the areas environment and its setting for example public transport links. Construction should be taken place in such a way where there is minimum harm to the environment (Frangialli, Toepfer, 2005). These are the following additional government policies for the development of the sustainable eco-tourism. a) The local community should be involved for the economic development of the area. b) The resources which are been used for the eco-tourism, and lively hood by  the local habitants should be recognized and try them to minimize it. c) The scale of the eco-tourism should be compatible with the environment and socio-cultural features of the local community. d) These things should be planned for the development of the local area which should be supported by and integrated uses of land avoiding inter- sectorial conflicts. These are the policies which have been set and followed by the Incredible India (Incredible India, n.d.). e) It is very much necessary to have balance between the development and conservation. f) It is necessary to have the commitment within the whole nation for the for the development of the sustainable and tourism. g) There should be proper and effective control systems which are devised at a proper place (Global forest coaliation, n.d.) To conclude with it is necessary for the eco-tourism businesses to follow the policies which are been set up by the business to keep the environment clean and green which would basically attract the tourists to visit the destination. It is even necessary to encourage the tourists to have the minimum wastage and even encouraging them regarding the limit the wastage of resources. Not only that it necessary to co-operate with the locals and encourage them to stop using the harmful chemicals which could be dangerous to the environment. References: Adventure tourism in Ecuador. (n.d.). www.piedrablanca.org. Retrieved September 1, 2012, from www.piedrablanca.org/ecotourism-defination.htm Frangialli, F., & Toeper, K. (n.d.). Making Tourism for more sustainaible. www.unep.fr. Retrieved September 1, 2012, from http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx0592xPA-TourismPolicyEN.pdf Incredible India. (n.d.). www.gourkanjilal.com. Retrieved September 30, 2012, from http://gourkanjilal.com/CTA-part1.pdf Incredible India. (n.d.). www.IncredibleIndia.org. Retrieved September 1, 2012, from http://www.incredibleindia.org/index.php/about-us Life as Commerce-India case study on Eco-tourism on market based conservation mechanism. (n.d.). globalforestcoalition.org. Retrieved September 30, 2012, from http://globalforestcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Casestudy-Ecotourism-in-India1.pdf