Analyse and Evaluate the significance of Fiscal Policy rules Essay Example for Free

Analyse and Evaluate the signifi kindlece of pecuniary Policy rules EssayL1. Monetary policies are where the presidency use changes in the base rate of kindle to influence the rate of reaping of aggregate demand, the money supply and ultimately price ostentation.In the short run sparing growth is an increase in real GDP, In the long run scotch growth is an increase in productive capacity (the maximum output an economy keep produce) frugal Stability the avoidance of volatility in economic growth rates, inflation, employment and unemployment and exchange rates.International Competitiveness The ability of an economys firms to compete in international markets and, thereby, beget increases in national output and income. L2. Monetary policies can be used to promote economic growth, Economic (this stability reduces uncertainty, promotes business, consumer confidence and investment) and International Competitiveness. This causes an ? in AD, which can be good for an economy. Fo r example if a Government ? care rates, slew volition stool an ? in disposable income, because payments on credit cards will ?, mortgage payments will ? and it is not worth saving due to the reduced rate of amuse, signification they have more(prenominal) to spend on goods and services, thus AD ?.L3. Monetary policies can promote economic growth and stability and international competitiveness as changes in the interest rate affects Domestic Demand (Consumer Expenditure, coronation and Government Spending) and National Demand (Net Exports) via Exchange Rates as when the interest rate ? so the does the currencys strength. So if the rate of interest increases, so does the strength of the pound, meaning that there is an ? in international competitiveness as more economies want to purchase our currency. This causes an ? in AD causing the AD curve to shift to the right, from AD1 to AD2. create and ? in employment, ? production and ?economic growth, ?international competitiveness a nd ?international competitivenessIf economic growth becomes too rapid it can also be dampened nby an ? in interest rates causing AD to ? due to the fact that their credit card charges and mortgages have ? and it has become more worthwhile to keep money in the bank and reap the rewards from a higher interest rate rather than spend. So peoples disposable income ?.Monetary Policy can promote economic growth and stability because of the Monetary Policy Transmission mechanism the way in which Monetary Policy affects inflation rates through the impact it has on another(prenominal) macroeconomic variables.It is said that low and stable rates of inflation provide the framework for economic stability as inflation reduces the purchasing power of money. When the government uses monetary policy to reduce the rate of inflation inflation targeting) they can stop economic stability from becoming unstable as when inflation occurs, and usually wage growth ? there is a danger that inflation will be come out of control so much so that producers and consumers are no longer able to use the signalling function so it can become clear what goods and services consumers most want. Inflation targeting makes the consumers and investors more clear about the emerging and so they know what to expect so they can plan ahead. This can cause an ? in C and I and therefore and ? in AD (shifting the AD curve to the right). The fact that inflation targeting is flexible means it meets the policy target.The government can use Monetary to policy to ? the supply of money, so banks have more money to lend, so it is easier for consumers to take loans so there disposable income ?, this can cause and ? in Consumer Expectations and vestments, causing an ? in AD, ?production, ?international competitiveness, ?employment, ? economic stability and ?economic growthL4. HOWEVER whether the Monetary policy is affective depends on many factors, for example it depends on how big the increase or decrease in interest rate is, a small change could make little or no difference for example if income interest is reduced by 0.00000000000000000000001% then people are unlikely to start spending more and it will have little or no effect on AD. It also depends on when interest rates are changed as to what else is going on in the economy at that while, for example if there is a fiscal policy causing income valuate to ? at the same time as a ?in interest rates the affects of the Monetary Policy may be cancelled out by the fiscal policy.It depends on Central Bank bringing creditability to the target as the central bank has to build up a reputation for meeting targets. This can lead to low economic growth being traded off for low inflation in the short run, but not the long run, which is what is readed for an economies economic growth to be sustainableThe Central bank must be good at forecasting inflation, as the Monetary Policy works with time lags, there can sometimes be a two year delay So the Central bank will have to set right away the interest rate to affect the rate of inflation it expects in two years time For example Inflation targeting has to be guided by forecasts of inflation and all macroeconomic variables that affect inflation.It also costs a great deal to employ people who have the ability to forecast inflation wellhead which could cost a lot to employ someone capable of doing this, this means that it ? costs, which means the possibility of an opportunity cost involved as that money could have been spent on something else for example new hospitals.There can also always be unforeseen circumstances such as unexpected recessions and essential disasters such as the tsunami, this affects the Central Banks ability to deliver economic stability and economic growth as they do not know if they may need to be doing other policies to help these unexpected situations, as they may only be able to do so when the economies conditions are stable.To conclude Monetary rules and Fis cal Policy targets and constraints can promote Economic Growth, Economic Stability and International Competitiveness, however there are many factors to take into account when doing so.

Phineas Gage Essay Example for Free

Phineas heater EssayPerhaps one of the most considerably known cases in cognitive psychology is that of Phineas Gage. A man who suffered from an injury to his prefrontal lobes thirty years before the field of Psychology even began (Moulin, 2006). However, psychologists stick to study his wizard and the effects of his injury and its role in cognitive functions years later. Phineas Gage was a foreman at a railroad who suffered misuse to his prefrontal lobes as a result of an accidental explosion in the year 1848. This explosion caused an put right bar about a meter ample to be launched completely through Gages head and supposedly land about nine meters away.As a result of this accident Gage suffered severe mind damage to his prefrontal lobes, with the left side being almost completely destroyed (Moulin, 2006). There is not documentation of what Gages personality was like before the accident and few reports of the changes by and by the incident, many believed to be exagger ated. Two of the reports that do exist regarding Gage are written by John Martyn Harlow. Harlow was the physician who treated Gage and followed his case (III. The Damage to Gages Skull and Brain, 2002).Following his recovery of the accident there were no reports of prob fit loss of interllectial function, yet his personality changed drastically. In fact Gage behaved so different that he while he went back to work for the railroad he never was given his job back as foreman (II. The Sequelae of the accident, 1848-1868, 2002). In fact, when asked his friends and acquaintances said he was no longer Gage (Moulin, 2006). Gage lived about 11 years after his accident before dying in 1860 which left people in the medical field curious about him and his condition (Moulin, 2006).In fact the changes in his behavior that were described was the first time that it was revealed that complex functions might be located in the brain. During the time and the immediate time after Gage lived there is n ot much medical documentation. Therefore it was years later when the exact secernates of Gages brain that were damaged collectible to the iron bar were desexualized (II. The sequelae of the accident, 1848-1868, 2002). When Harlow learned of the passing of Gage, he sought out and received permission from his family to have the body exhumated in December of 1867 (II. The sequelae of the accident, 1848-1868, 2002).He did so in order to study the brain and learn from the injury of the skull and the result that the damages had on Gages personality. From the study he was able to determine that Gage suffered damage to three locations the area under the zygomatic arch, the base of the skull where the iron rod had entered behind the eye, and at the top of the head where the iron rod emerged (III. The damage to Gages Skull and Brain, 2002). After studies of Gages skull where complete, psychologists have been able to take the measurements from the skull and use modern technology to determin e the approximate location of the legion.Damage was caused to both the left and right prefrontal cortices in a pattern that caused a defect in rational conclusiveness making and the processing of emotion (Damasio, 1994). Studies that have been done since the case of Gage have determined that higher cognitive functions take place in the prefrontal lobes. Some of these functions include working memory, mental imagery, and willed actions that are associated with consciousness (Frith Dolan, 1998). Psychologists have been able to learn from this famous case of Phineas Gage.A man who took no part in experiments and whose injuries were sustained thirty years before the start of Psychology. From this case it has been determined that cognitive functions that can become impaired by prefrontal brain damage are abilities like planning, reasoning, and problem solving. It has also been shown that frontal lobe damage can affect a persons memory in a subtle manner. While there can be no apparent loss of intellectual function as a result of prefrontal brain lesions it is can still be tragic to the lives of those involved (Gerhand, 1999).

Antenna Systems For Radar Applications Information Technology Essay

Antenna Systems For microwave microwave radar Applications Information Technology EssayThe project allow for examine a variety of beam forming techniques which can be utilize in fix to make radar electronic beam steering feasible. commonly apply mechanical rotating aerials for a 360 degrees views coverage atomic number 18 difficult to operate and expensive to implement. Thus, electronic beam forming is an attr participating solution. This report is mostly interested in radar diligences performing in 24 GHz frequencies, which can be used by car industries, in rewrite to avoid obstacles on the road, for example, or security radars, covering 360 degrees views.Radar2.1. Radar DefinitionRadar means radio detection and ranging, determining thus the original and still significant application of radar. The main reason for development radar is to estimate certain characteristics, such as the position, motion and presence of the specific surroundings in which the user is interest ed. Radar is actually a sensor which publicizes electromagnetic energy into the surroundings and detects energy which is reflected by objects. If a levelive antenna transmits electromagnetic energy through a narrow beam it is lightheaded to predict the bearing of an object because of the energy reflected of it. The time needed for the transmission and receipt of the energy represents the outmatch between the radar and the object. 21Kinds of RadarThere is a great variety of radars. Some radars allow for navigation aid and safety on small boats and their size might be less than 15cm. Others be widely used by the police in order to measure the speed of the vehicles. Moreover, there argon some radars so grand as to cover many kilometers of land, long places of antennas and they all work unneurotic in order to supervise the flight of astronomical bodies or space vehicles. In addition, there are many radars at airport, with a more(prenominal) common size and rotating antennas. Finally, there are several radars, more complex, for mobile use. 21Radars can be classified in many categories. As much as the waveforms are concerned, radars can be classified in 2 categories, they can be e actually Continuous Wave (CW) or Pulsed Radars (PR). CW radars use different antennas for transmission and receiving, and they emit electromagnetic energy continuously. Unmodulated CW radars precisely check the target radial fastness and angular position, succession information about the target range have to use some form of modulation in order to be gathered. In order to search and track target velocity, primarily unmodulated CW radars are used. Pulse Radars (PR) use a series of pulsed waveforms, mostly with modulation and can be separated based on the Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) in 3 categories, high, medium and low PRF radars. CW and PR radars are both adapted to determine target range and velocity by employ different forms of modulation. 23Continuous Wave Radar (C W)CW radar grades continuously transmit a high- oftenness head. Then, the legitimate mansion is permanently processed. In such a system, two problems have to be solvedavoid a direct connection between the inherited and receive energy ( grantback connection),conduct the standard echoes into a time system capable of doing run time steps.A feedback connection can be prevented by spacial separation between the transmitting and receiving antennafrequency dependent separationby theDoppler-frequencyduring the measurement of speeds. 4Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar (FMCW)CW radars are non capable of measuring distance, because the timing mark necessary lacks, preventing thus the system to time precisely the transmit and receive cycle and exchange the measured round-trip-time into range. This problem can be solved by exploitation stage or frequency duty period techniques. As far as the frequency breaching method is concerned, a signal is used, which continuously change s in frequency around a specific reference, in order to identify stationary objects and measure the range. In order to achieve an up-and-down or a sawtooth-like alternation in frequency, Frequency-ModulatedContinuousWave radars (FMCW) are used, changing the frequency in a one-dimensional fashion. By evermore changing the frequency, there testament be a difference between the frequency of the echo signal and the wiz transmitted. Thus, the differencetransmitters frequency shift lead be relative to round trip timeand so the rangeof the target too. The frequencies can be examined, when a reflection is received, and by comparing the received echo with the actual step of transmitted frequency, a range calculation like using pulses can be done. Consequently, the range of the stationary objective is disposed(p) by comparing the transmitted and received frequencies. It is difficult to make a broadcaster able to send out random frequencies cleanly, and as an alternative, this frequency- modulated continuous-wave radar, use an substantially changeable ramp of frequencies up and down. If the frequency modification is linearly over a broad area, by making a comparison among frequencies within this region, the distance can be easily determined. It is possible to measure only the complete value of the difference and thus, the results with increasing frequency modification signify a fall frequency change at a static scenario. 4Characteristics e of FMCW radarmeasuring the distance is potential by comparing the definite frequency of the received signal to a given reference (regularly direct the transmitted signal)the time required for transmitting a signal as longer than the duration of the measurement of the installed upper limit range of the radar 4By selecting the appropriate frequency deviation per time unit, the radar resolution can be different, and choosing the frequency shift duration, the uttermost range can be varied. For instance, if the linear frequency of r adar make ups over 1ms duration, the time-limited maximum range might be 150km. If the maximum frequency deviation is 65 MHz, then stay about 433 Hz per meter for the filter for analysis. It is important that the amount of frequency modulation is con spotrably great than the estimated Doppler shift otherwise, the outcome will be affected. The most common and easy way to modulate the wave is by linearly increasing the frequency. In this way, the transmitted frequency will change at a continuous rate. If a single antenna is used, a ferrite circulator has to separate the transmit and receive. However, using to different antennas, one for transmission and one for reception, is easier and cheaper to perform. On a ordinary substrate transmitting and receiving antenna are placed exactly above individually other as an antenna force. The direction of the linearpolarizationis rotated against each other by 180degrees. An extra shielding plate reduced a direct cross talk (i.e. a direct coup ling of both antennas) usually. From this direct coupling, arises a signal, which is suppressed due to the same frequency, since the measurement is per organise to as a frequency difference between transmit and receive signal. 4Radar BeamformingIn order to create a beam with the appropriate and desired characteristics, radar beamforming, which combines signals from a set of sources, is essential. As much as an RF antenna system is concerned, each source may be a single rate part or a subarray. A steerable beam is able to control the combination process electronically. Moreover, it can be replicated so as to create various main(a) beams, limited by computer hardware difficulty, complication and losses. 223.1. Analog BeamformingA feed system is a lucre used in order to connect the antenna input to its radiators. The main reason for using such a system is to transmit supply to the elements or collect signal from them. (transmit mode, or receive mode). objet dart world on transm it or receiving mode, the required word form and amplitude excitations needed for the radiation performance must be maintained. The feed network is able to skim off the beam, select among different antenna beam shapes and communicate with active sectors, by containing several switches and other devices, appropriate to execute such processes. Moreover, the feed network may contain amplifiers and other active devices. There are also many new developments, such as Switch matrix systems, Butler matrix feed systems and Vector transfer matrix systems, but the most significant are the RF lens feed systems. 13.1.1. RF lens of the eye single of the biggest problems when using a transmission line feed network is that amount of losses. Therefore, systems which are based on RF/optical principles are preferred. There is a monolithic variety of RF electron lens and many RF/optical feed systems also incorporate different personas of beam scanning functions. RF refractive lenses are similar to their classical optical counterparts, which function by using the refraction amongst different materials. When using constrained lenses, the waves are forced to follow some specific paths, like in a geodesic lens. Another typesetters case of lens is the bootlace lens which in which the signals between the input surface and the output surface are routed on transmission lines. Occasionally, a conformal array feed uses different combinations of lens types, or lenses and matrices. Small array antenna elements are used by an RF lens as input/output probes that couple to the lens region. These probes exist in an array environment which is characterized by reflections and mutual coupling and the associated design problems. In particular in card lens designs, there can also be standing waves caused by reflections from the opposite side of the lens. Another problem is the edition of the element shape touch on with frequency. 1Rotman LensA Rotman lens is a parallel-plate structure use d as the beam forming network (BFN) for a linear array of radiating antenna elements. It is easy to form a beam forming network suitable for use with a planar array, by stacking numerous lenses. Rotman lenses are preferred because of the advantages that they offer, such as ease of manufacture, light weight, low cost, monolithic construction and availability of many beams at the same time. Rotman lens is capable of extremely wide-band operation, because it is a true time-delay device which produces frequency-independent beam steering. Because of these characteristic, Rotman lens is a possible candidate for use in multi-beam satellite-based applications. 2The electrical area that a Rotman lens occupies is very bountiful (usually hundreds of square wavelengths) and because of this, an entirely precise analysis is not possible. The planar circuit approximation applies to structures which are electrically thin in one dimension, like parallel-plate lenses. The grounds required for their analysis is reduced to that of solving a (line) integral equation for the relationship between the RF voltage and current at the periphery of the structure. 2The R-2R LensThe R-2R lens feed ( sort 1) has feed ports on the perimeter of a parallel-plate lens with radius R, in order to illuminate the output ports on the opposite side of the lens. These output ports are linked to the element ports on the 2R radius circular array with cables of equal length. The number of feeding ports is half the number of element ports. This type of arrangement allows all feed points to be i make outly focused, resulting in a plane-phase front. In order to scan the antenna beam at angle , the feed point has to be moved an angle 2. One illumination taper can be achieved, by combining three to four coterminous feed ports, resulting in lowered sidelobes. 1Figure1 The R-2R lens feed system 1It is essential to add several switches on the lens ports, in order to scan the beam. One has to be allowed to use n umerous beam ports at the same time in order to achieve a ternary beam generation. This problem could be solved by using half the lens for beam ports and connect the other half to a 90 arc array. R-2R lens are considered to be a special case of the Rotman lens, which is typically used for linear array feeds. Furthermore, for circular arcs up to 90, the Rotman lens can be used. Actually, the curvature does not have to be circular, as the design in general, curvature of lens input and output lines, cable lengths, and so on can be optimized together with the array shape. It is possible to achieve ideal focusing in the Rotman lens only for three beam directions. 1The R-kR LensThe R-kR lens feed system has as much ports on the lens as there are radiators on the circular array. In order to cover 360 views, the lens ports have to be used more than once, both as feeding points and for connecting to the radiating elements. In order to achieve this, switches are used, circulators (Figure 2), or two lenses at the same time. The radiators placed on radius R are attached by cables of the same length to the ports of the circular lens with radius kR. When k is about 1.9, a planar phase front for rays within a sector of about 120 is obtained. This shows that the lens is nearly two times the size of the circular array, thus, it cant fit within the circular array if it is not filled with a dielectric with permittivity more than 4.If broadband radiators are used, the R-kR lens-fed circular array can be very broadband. The bandwidth could be limited by using switches or circulators. The phase center of the radiators is a design parameter of critical importance and must be located on the design radius R. 1Figure 2 The R-kR lens, here with circulators. 1In order to limit the focusing performance, several types of element have a phase center which is able to change position with frequency. 1Mode-Controlled LensesA radial transmission line which forms a circular parallel-plate len s is possible to act like a circular array feed. If it is excited by several probes placed close to the center, the modes generated will direct the energy toward a part of the lens periphery.Therefore, by controlling the modes using phase shifters or a hybrid network connected to the input probes commutates the excitation. Then it is easy to connect these pick-up probes to the radiating elements, via additional phase shifters if needed. 1Luneburg lensesIn order to achieve wide angle scanning, the Luneburg lens, is the appropriate and desired device. As far as land mobile operations are concerned, an antenna able to scan in a two-dimensional (2D) plane is required, particularly if the scan angle is large. The Luneburg Lenses are used in order to provide single or multiple mechanically scanned beams, at microwave frequencies. Nevertheless, because of the advent of phased arrays the lenses are now usually used for radar applications as a wide angle passive reflector.This is why nowaday s there are appropriate lens configurations which can be established by permitting the inclusion of controllable dielectric material into a Luneburg Lens so as to make the lens suitable for electronic scanning at 24 Ghz. 1Digital BeamformingWhen performing beamforming in the digital area, it is called digital beamforming. The actualisation can demand huge volumes of digital information to be processed at extremely high rates, but current improvements in processing hardware have made Digital Beamforming a useful alternative to RF combining in many ways. Moreover, it has allowed the formation of systems which were not practical with legacy technologies. down the stairs are presented the benefits of Digital Beamforming. 22Simplicity of hardwareIf the RF and analog hardware becomes a minimal device, collecting data, it would be an ideal case. Then, all the difficult and heterogeneous process of the signal is done in firmware, which is a more flexible and gainful way of processing co mparing to RF plumbing. In addition, it is possible that the overall size of the system, as long as its weight, will be reduced a lot, and this is particularly significant in airborne systems. 22ReplicationDigital beamforming is the surpass survival of the fittest when many independent beams are needed. By using digital beamforming, it is easy to form each beam completely digitally, without any analog or RF hardware further required. The quantity of beams like these is then partially limited by power, speed and synchronization of the processing elements, which become even more cost-effective and flexible each year. 22Scanning and TrackingIt is not possible to steer electronically each beam (e.g., to track a moving source). However, by using the precisely same stream of digital samples from each antenna element, it is potential to turn each independent beam to a different source. Thus, it is easy to reduce extremely difficult receiver scenarios to firmware constructs blocks which are now usual. 22FlexibilityThese digital systems can be adapted without any difficulty to variable requirements, such as multipath combination, application bandwidth, tracking requirements or interference rejection. A SMOP (Simple Matter of Programming) is able to perform numerous adaptations. 22RadarAn array antenna which is a low Cost Transmit/Receive one provides agile beams to track multiple targets at the same time. 22Anything that can be done by using an analog beam forming can easily be done digitally too. Choosing to do everything digitally might lead to several difficulties because of the extreme requirements on data transmission, storage, and signal processing. However, nowadays such problems are easily solved because of the rapid growth of computer power, either software or hardware. When using an analog reception beam forming, the element signals are combined with weights determined by feed networks and/or phase and amplitude controlled receiver modules. In digital co mputer, it is possible to do the same operations on the element signals fair by converting analog signals to digital ones. Thus, the formation of many receive beams can take place at the same time, without feed losses, which are common when using analog systems. Moreover, the element modules in the digital systems have low noise amplifiers (LNA) preceding the analog-to-digital conversion. A lossless beam forming is created as the LNAs set the signal-to noise ratio, so that it is not affected by transmission losses. The advantages of a digital beam forming in this case are not so obvious. After the transmission of the beam, it is not possible to change the beam shape or to perform any other signal processing. Nevertheless, digital synthesis of the transmitted waveform on the element level combined with DBF on reception can offer remarkable system capabilities in hurt of, for example, LPI (low probability of intercept) radar with jamming resistance. A wide transmission beam illuminat ing the area of interest and multiple, narrow, digitally formed receive beams has also been suggested for LPI systems-ubiquitous radar and OLPI radar (Omnidirectional LPI). There are many aspects which can best be performed digitally, such as the need for amplitude and phase control, polarization control, switching of the active sector, compensating for element patterns in the beam steering algorithms and calibration. A DBF antenna system has a combination of numerous subsystems and components. Receiver channel imbalance, , A/D converter offset errors, amplitude and phase errors and frequency dependent errors are some of the possible imperfections in these subsystems and component which can influence the performance of the overall system. The type and requirements of each processing used influence the importance of such imperfections. Usually, array calibration and special error correction schemes are included in the antenna system design. 13.3. Beamforming vector ArchitecturesSeve ral beamforming transmitter architectures exist, suitable for integrated circuit implementation as well as many well-known topologies for separate implementations of phased array transmitters. The goal is topologies appropriate for performance in consumer products at 24 GHz. Electrical beamforming is achievable if the phase of the signal to each antenna element in the array is separately set. Moreover, a larger number of patterns can be achieved and the sidelobe level can be reduced compared to uniform power distribution if the power to each antenna element is set individually. 33.3.1. Baseband Phase ShiftingIn the baseband phase shifting architecture the phases and amplitudes of the signals are created in the digital baseband. The phase control is very accurate, but the architecture demands an entire signal path between the baseband and the antenna for each element (Figure 3). Also, the architecture can be called digital array, because the beamforming is being performed in the digi tal domain. Such an architecture lead in a large hardware cost and power spending because there are many signal paths, but also in big flexibility. As a result, this architecture is perhaps very complex for radar at 24 GHz. In order to transmit individual information in various directions, in MIMO systems (multiple input multiple output), the flexibility of the architecture with parallel paths is available too. 3Figure 3 Transmitter architecture for baseband phase shifting 33.3.2 Local Oscillator Phase ShiftingPhase shifting can occur in the LO path as well (Figure 4) Moreover, it is in all likelihood to use phase shifters in the signal path, at IF or RF. Whether performing the phase shift at LO or RF or place them at different places, the same amount of hardware is achievable. If they are placed in the LO path, amplitude variation among dissimilar phase settings is less significant if the mixers are operate hard. In this way, amplitude variation in the LO path will not influence the signal path a lot. Thus, it is easier to implement the phase shift in the LO path. 3Figure 4 Transmitter architecture for phase shifting in the local oscillator path, polar modulation 33.3.3. Offset Local Oscillator Phase ShiftingIf the power amplifier and local oscillator are used at the same frequency, injection pulling is possible to occur. It might not be easy to accomplish a fitting isolation so as to avoid the corruption of the oscillator signal by the PA. To moderate this on an architectural level, offset LO phase shifting may be used as shown in Figure 5. Beamforming transmitters have applications like radar (24 GHz and 77 GHz) and WLAN (60 GHz) which are placed at high frequencies. It is semiprecious to use the lowest frequencies possible on the chip, and multiply the frequency close to the PA. A reduced VCO frequency makes allows a wider tuning range, and the increasing MOS varactor quality factor. 3Figure 5 Offset local oscillator phase shifting for beamforming tran smitter 33.3.4. Ring Oscillator Based Phase ShiftingA ring oscillator which has a tunable phase shift among the oscillating elements is used in such architecture (Figure 6). The tuned oscillators in the ring are separately detuned from their center frequency. The LC-loads is capable of sustaining up to +-90 degrees phase shift. It is important that the phase shift around the ring is constantly equal to 360 degrees, or a multiple thereof. The phase shift among consecutive elements is zero degrees if each oscillating element is non-inverting, and no excess phase shift is introduced in the loop. By putting an excess phase shift of K degrees it will have as a result a phase shift of degrees in each of the equal K oscillators in the loop. 3Figure 6 Transmitter architecture for variable phase ring oscillator in a phase locked loop 33.3.5. Radio Frequency Phase ShiftingThe phase shifting which is the most hardware efficient, including numeral building blocks, is to carry it out just befor e the power amplifier. The power amplifiers are the only circuit components that have to be duplicated (Figure 7). The disadvantage is that the phase shifting is being performed at the highest frequency and signal level in the system. When an gasbag modulation scheme is used, the linearity of the phase shifters may be a problem while noise is not as significant when the power level is high. It might be useful to implement the phase shifters at the highest frequency.If transmission lines are used as separate phase shifters, they become shorter with frequency. This is an ordinary architecture in radar systems. Several fixed phase shifts are in that case implement and switches controlled by endurance logic determine the phase shift. Certainly, the transmission lines are linear and thus, these phase shifters can easily be used in envelope modulated systems. Moreover, the delay is stable over a wide bandwidth.A set of fixed phase shifts is then implemented and switches controlled by a selection logic choses the phase shift. Of course the transmission lines are linear so these phase shifters can very well be used in envelope modulated systems. Another advantage is that the delay is constant over a wide bandwidth. 3Figure 7 Transmitter architecture for phase shifting in the radio frequency path. 3Applications for 24GHz Radar SensorsModular 24 GHz Radar Sensor for Digital Beamforming on Transmit and ReceiveIn order to increase the angular resolution, numerous switched transmitters are preferred, as they need less hardware effort. The FMCW radar sensor is the best solution, providing up to eight transmitters, switchable ones, and eight receiving channels which provide parallel receiving, and they all allow digital beadforming. An innovative switching technique via switchable amplifiers is preferred. 5Four Channel 24-GHz FMCW Radar Sensor with Two-Dimensional Target Localization CapabilitiesResults on the angular measurements are improved when using an FMCW radar sen sor, compared to standard beamforming methods, as far as the target localization is concerned. Furthermore, the determination of other characteristics required will be allowed, such as the range or velocity. 6.24-GHz Automotive Radar Transmitter with Digital Beam Steering in 130-nm CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor)Many Pas are connected to different antenna elements so as to control the steering of the beam. The output phases of the PAs are controlled separately through 360 degrees by binary weighting of quadrature phases. The circuit has 18 PAs,and each one of them delivers 0 dBm to the antenna, ensuring an output power of 13 dBm. The antenna array, which is constituted of 18 elements, will be 11 cm at 24 GHz and will have 12 dB directivity and a half power beam width of 5 degrees. 7Design and Performance of a 24-GHz Switch-Antenna straddle FMCW Radar SystemOne transmitter, one transmitting antenna, four receiving antennas, one receiving channel and an SP4T switch (si ngle-pole four-throw) are the elements which compose a 24-GHz FMCW radar system. In order to increase the inter-connection loss and create a compact whole size, radio-frequency (RF) and intermediate-frequency (IF) circuits are integrated in the antennas. The receiving antennas are sporadically switched to the receiving channel. Beamforming methods are used in order to evaluate the performance of such a developed system, by estimating the angle, velocity and range. 8Imaging Radar Sensor Front-End with a Large Transmit ArrayAutomotive applications need medium range imaging radars, such as the 24 GHz imaging radar front-end. In this radar, a large switched transmit antenna array is combined with a coherent FM-CW architecture. It permits two dimensional electronic scanning in range and cross range with excellent unrefined range resolution over a wide angle of new using very low EIRP. The advantage of using such radar is that it requires just a small number of active millimeter wave com ponents. 9Novel Photonic Rotman-Lens Design for Radar Phased Array AntennasA new microwave photonic implementation of a Rotman-lens is proposed in this project, providing superior performance and functionality. The scanning unit presented is an optical element, where photo-detectors attached to the transmitting/receiving antennas are the interfaces, doing conversions among the RF signals and their particular optical waves. Actually, the optical module is a photonic Rotman lens, designed like its RF complement. Despite the advance of practicing the solution in a photonic module, the recommended photonic Rotman lens superior design is able to realise a linear phase profile with a varied slope at the output of the lens for any potential spot at the input to the lens. This is contrary to what is instanter accessible with the usual RF Rotman lens, where output phase front linearity is achieved for a small quantity of input spots. A better performance is achieved by increasing the curves of the photonic input and output surfaces of the lens, having an off-centered elliptical profile, and not the typically used spherical curvatures. 10Virtual Antenna Beamforming (VAB) for Radar Systems by Using irreverent Coding WaveformsAn original way of creating virtual transmitting and receiving radar antenna beams at the same time is to use orthogonal coding waveforms from the antenna elements and deal out digitally their echoes at the receiver. Many virtual transmitting-receiving radar antenna beams can be produced at the same time by using the same quantity of beamforming filters with no any increase on the transmitted power or antenna gain or resolution loss. Both virtually formed antenna beams and common phased arrays of equal size are able to achieve the same antenna gains and spatial resolutions. Since the antenna radiation pattern can be completed almost isotropic, the original system has low probability of intercept (LPI) property. While the transmitting and receiving beams are both virtually implemented through digital filtering, expensive radiation phase shift used in phased arrays is unnecessary for beam scanning in this actual system. 11Compact Two-Layer Rotman Lens-Fed Microstrip Antenna Array at 24 GHzA new way of realizing a compact Rotman lens-fed antenna array is presented in this paper. The lens-fed antenna has the construction of two layers, which is an original option of reducing the Rotman lens size. This is performed at 24 GHz approaching automotive sensing radar.The lens has a metal layer on the top, a dielectric, a regular ground, a dielectric, and a metal layer on the bottom, in sequential order. The antennas are put on the top layer, while the layout of the lens organic structure is positioned on the bottom layer. They are both connected electrically via slot transitions. This structure, composed of two layers, offers many advantages, because it reduces the entire size of the lens, as well as the total loss of the delay lines, as the lines can be as short and straight as possible. This two-layer Rotman lens-fed antenna array is evaluated in terms of aspersion parameters and beam patterns. 12Cylindrical arrays with electronic beam scanningIn order to provide a continuously 360 degrees scan by the directional pattern of a cylindrical array using electronic means, there are several methods proposed. It is important that the circular aperture distribution related to the far-field directional pattern is subjected to rotation comparative to the fixed array. With the intention of synthesizing appropriate forms of directional pattern, there are various techniques describing the independent control of the amplitude and phase of the aperture distributio

Corporate Social Responsibility Analysis Commerce Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility Analysis Commerce EssayNike an American Multinational has its engagement in the development and design, worldwide selling and marketing of app atomic number 18ls, equipment, footwear, services and accessories. It has its headquarter near Beaverton, Oregon, Portland. It is one of the leading brands in supply of athletic shoes, other sports equipment and apparels. It had a revenue exceeding US$24.1 in the 2012. Till the end of 2012 it had employee strength of around 44000 hoi polloi worldwide. It is valued at around $10.7 billion which has made it the most valuable brand in the sports product market. According to The Oregonian Nike and Precision Castparts are only ones among the Fortune 500 companies with their headquarters in Oregon.Being one of the leading brands Nikes works is consecrated towards delivering inspiration and innovation to every athlete. They wealthy person a clear vision to provide itself and its customers to thrive in sustainable ec onomy where profit, people and planet are balanced. To require such an approach they are integrating sustainable practices and principles and have involved corporate office into Sustainable innovation and care. Corporate social responsibility reports mainly self-regulation of the corporate involved in business model. It is a self-regulating built-in policy under which business ensures the monitoring and compliance of issues having spirit of laws, global norms and ethical standards. (About Nike, 2012)The three main types of CSR report arePhilanthropyIn case of philanthropic approach the companies contribution extends far above from just do financial contribution, financial check etc however apart from financial aspect it involves contribution of a wide range of support and expertise in late philanthropic activity. In the financial year 2007-09 they mainly had their contribution towards community giving guidelines and responding towards international crisis. Starting from the ye ar 2007 the foundation has provide more than $ ampere-second million to its partners and programs that benefits adolescent girls. In the financial year 2010-11, Nike contributed a sum of around $27 million to its own Nike foundation. Its philanthropic investment also had a great impact from its collaboration with NoVo foundation. NoVos contribution to cause of girl effect was around $112 million. The leveraged Philanthropy helped the establishment by enabling them to have pine stipulation success financial flows and scaling without limits. (Nikes Charity Fund, 2012)The Nike employee grant fund provides a huge amount of $500000 every year to communities near its global headquarters. The funding is through with(p) based on a priority which is ordered in the following vogue that is health, education, environment and social inclusion. However physical activity involving practices and sustainability deeds have a higher demand and potential to have a long lasting effect on the communi ty. The overall stats for the year 2011 were around 44 programs and 28,000 people which have been funneled by the phoner. The Oregon Community world also has a role to play in guiding the Nike people in granting and funding passport activities of the company. The company is benefited by such deeds as this contributes the company with economic growth contributions, monetary payments and public health and science in an effective mannerCommunity Based DevelopmentThe company has a strong belief towards human potential. Their aim behind supplement the reach of their brands and their sizes is to have a long term positive effect. This would provide support to the communities and empower them thus improving the place where we play, live, work. Being a global economy the company by leveraging the power of their partners, consumers and employees aim at having exciting innovation and thus scaling up the power sport. They have taken a leading step in creating a number of such programs both a single basis as well as on partner basis. Naming a fewSocial Change Networks program for sports The concept behind this program is simply to bring sports based communities together in order to propagate best practices, dual-lane ideas and have proper funding and also overcome the local changes.Homeless World Cup Nike has funded this organization which works to build resilience camaraderie and egotism with homeless children who can be made a part of football team and a way to get back on their feet.Magic Bus, India This organization works in helping the vulnerable children by educating them and by providing them a place to live and have a stable environment.Nike (Red)/grassroots Soccer Nike worked with Grassroots Soccer organization by providing funding and donation to the young people ignoring gender, religions, races and boundaries.Similarly Let Me Play, Students Run LA are also funded by Nike Inc. The Nike Foundation is a non-profit organization started by Nike Inc. that is ded icated in investing on adolescent girls to provide positive change for them on the planet. (Community, 2012).Creating Shared ValueThe companionship is about the evolution embraced by the creation of shared value that has taken place in the private sector. The increasing attraction of the companies towards creating shared value they have benefited the society and boosted their competitiveness at the same time. The sophistication of capitalist model has created shared value to assign evolution to its next stage. The company has created a pleasant culture through the representation of its values visually which are action, inclusiveness and competitiveness.The difference between fulfilling corporate social responsibilities and creating shared value is that there is a take away for societal and economic benefits in relation to cost but mot taking action of doing merely good. The idea behind it is creation of value for the company and its community thus integrating in order to compete and produce profit in the long run.Creating shared value has appealed to corporate sector in a form to improve corporate sustainability conscious citizenship or social responsibility. The companys culture has always do towards creating shared value. The concept of holistic bottom lines, correlative benefits and stakeholder engagement is dictated by creating shared value. But it has been resonated by instantly dictated responsibility that has been resonated by mortality.Benefits of CSRA sustainable report is away to show the companies sustainable growth in a way which is similar in manner of financial report and facilitates companies to have a sustainability comparison. A sustainability reporting has the benefits of inflection and agreed disclosures reporting which systematic and in order.CSR is basically the combined integrated approach of good social and environmental governance practices in to all aspects of business which provide an integrated approach to all aspects material with non-financial issues. at that place are two basic benefits of CSR for both at company levels and property levels. First, it acts as a guide to the company and its programs that also acts as measure in facilitating organizational shifts and continuity in turnover. Secondly, it also helps in invoking the tracking procedures and measurement that enable outline in terms of purchases, waste, water and energy. The data above further helps in in decision making in terms of retrofits and programs and capital expenses.The careful carrying into action of CSR policies can help an organization and it is a resource drain which is good for an organization. The benefits of CSR to Nike areThe company has started new business ventures identical New Green go Capital Arm to Fuel Innovation, New Model of Corporate Venture Capital etc. It has gained customer retention and has established some permanent motivated customers. The company has also improved its relationships with suppliers and deve loped networks like Native American Employee Network, Latino Employee Network, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Friends Employee Network, Black Employee and Friends Network etc It has established an employee friendly environment giving ascend to human resource retention and attraction towards a happy workforce. The company has also saved money incurred in energy and has managed its risk and operating cost. There has been a vast improvement in points that differentiate the company from its rivals like reebok, puma. The company has also improved in terms of generating innovative learning like starting development programs like Nike summer of innovation etc and improving its standard and reputation from a leading brand to a best brand in the market. The company has also succeeded in generating media opportunities and publicity in a positive manner in business activities ethically to invoke interest. (Corporate Social Responsibility Companies in the News, 2012)

Role of Client Servicing in Infrastructure Company

Role of thickening Servicing in substructure Company put inCompanies with a high customer retention rate know the value of lymph gland service. Essentiall(a)y, this is the process of creating and maintaining a strong domesticateing rapport with each customer. actually much referred to as customer c atomic number 18, it is some understanding the needs and desires of the customer, and moving to meet those needs in a proactive manner.While there are a number of customer service programs on the market today, there are a few elements that form the basis for any type that is effective. One of the virtually important keys is providing the client with people who know the account vigorous and are able to be of assistance whenever needed. This means looking beyond the info that is gather during the sale cycle. lymph gland table service dictates that the vendor develop a working knowledge of the goals of the customer, the conditions that the client works within, and what expectat ions must be met in order to progress the client.Many companies make the mistake of securing a modernistic customer, then never allow the sales contact to introduce other support personnel to the in the alto exither client. Often referred to as a handoff, this allows the customer to be incrementally migrated from relying on the sales contact and begin to develop a relationship with customer care professionals. The radical is to help the invigorated client understand that he or she has a support team that is in place for the long haul.CONTENTSIntroduction bearing of studyRole of A client servicing executiveIntroduction to Infrastructre Company.Research methodologyConclusionBibliographyINTRODUCTIONAdvertising offers very interesting, lucrative and mentally satisfying career options. Over the last 5-6 years the patronage of adverting has increased manifolds.Before you plan to enter the field you need to know how a regular advertising agency is structured. Generally, the various departments are* invitee Servicing/Account Management* Media Planning* Creative, which includesCopy writersVisualisers knob Servicing/Account ExecutiveClient Service Executive As the name explains, you leave alone act as the bridge between the client and the agency. You will speak to the client to get a brief understanding of what he/she wants. In addition you will in addition study the market for the harvest-time or service for which the advertisement is being made, crumple market dynamics, target customers, their needs and behavioural patterns, the competing product, buying patterns of customers and various other market related factors.After going through the entire process the Client Service Executive then prepares the brief which will be used by the creative, account planning, and media planning department of the agency. Over cups and cups of coffee youll brainstorm astir(predicate) the product features, the target market and customers, strategy what the ad will speak, h ow it will speak and other relevant details to decide the right concept for the advertisement.It will then be taken over by the creative people, visualisers and the media-planning department who will prepare a presentation for the client. It is only after the clients approval that the ad lands at the production table. Client servicing executives are also called Account Executives.As a trainee in this department you will report to the Vice electric chair Accounts or an Accounts Director. The top boss plans business expansion (bringing in more clients by approaching various companies), implements the plans with the help of Account Executives and controls all the activities. His basic avocation is to coordinate all the activities relating to development and implementation of advertising campaigns.Just under the Vice President/Director Accounts are senior and junior Account Executives. In big agencies there may be a few Account Supervisors who look after big corporate accounts.Rank ing wise Account Supervisors are directly below the Vice President/ Director Accounts. A number of Account Executives report to the Account Supervisors. Youll interact daily with existing as well as new clients.Some big agencies also go through a different department called Account Planning department headed by Senior handler/Manager Account Planning. Senior Account Executives get to work here.What is a client Servicing Executive?Client servicing executive should generate new clientsAdvertising agency runs by getting new clients or retaining their existing clients and help in branding their services through effective advertising solutions. Hence, client servicing becomes the most vital part of an agency.Client Servicing DepartmentThe major focus of a client servicing department lies onGenerating new clientsEnhancing existing customer relationship globe relationshipClient servicing department is a crucial part of any advertising agency which deals with television, print, piano t uner or Internet.Client Servicing ExecutiveClient servicing executive acts as the bridge between the client and advertising agency. He represents what the agency is all about and what it is capable of. The client servicing executive is responsible for all the communications that happens between the client and the agency.Responsibilities of a Client Servicing ExecutiveThe client servicing executive is responsible for handling queries from the clients.Should take down briefnotes from the client and make the desired changes as per the clients needs by communication to the creative team.Have an in depth knowledge about the clients products, brand, culture, market position and their overall needs/services.Should have exemplary communication skills, so as to increase the comfort levels of the client.The client servicing executive should ensure that the client stays with the advertising agency for a longer period of time.Responsible for generating business and billing from the client.Attr ibutes of Client Servicing ExecutiveCoordinates with all the departments in the agency and clients, besides staying calm under pressureShould possess good managerial, presentation and prodigious communication skillsShould spend ample amount of time with the client, fulfilling their needs and requirementsAttend meetings with the clients when there is a need and jot down the brief of the sessionClient servicing executive should be well groomed and properly attiredClient servicing executive is the face of an advertising agency. Hence, recruiting an appropriate client servicing executive will enhance your business needs.How to Define a Good Client Service?Businesses function when they have customers or clients, and businesses survive and expand when they have good client service. Good client, or customer, service is a hallmark of respected businesses, to the extent that several organizations, including the Customer Service Institute of America, give yearly awards to companies that prov ide excellent service to the people who keep their business going. Defining good client service is largely a matter of placing the customer initial and making business decisions that allow the company to respond to market changes and provide customers with the best service possible.Step 1Provide customers with the best service you clear in a timely manner. Bear in mind that your clients do not want to be kept waiting. If you promise a product or service within a certain amount of time, be sure to provide it within that time, or offer the customer something to apologize for the time extension. The password will spread about a business that keeps its promise to deliver on time.Step 2Place the customer needs premiere by listening to what the customer needs. Companies that listen to their customers are more likely to hear what the customer wants and thus be able to respond effectively. Listen to the clients needs, and respect anyrequestsor recommendations of the client. Doing so wil l show the client that his needs are your first priority.Step 3Include a guarantee with the product or service that you sell. Show your customers that you stand by your product or service, and that you are willing to guarantee its quality. Be willing to provide corrections or replacements if the product or service is not what the customer wants. Doing so can actually bring you further business, when the word spreads that you work hard to please your customers.Step 4Add new technology where appropriate. The latest and greatest technological advances are not necessary for every business. But some elements of technology can originate to be very useful in providing excellent client service. For instance, specialized software can help you keep track of customer orders better and identify products from your inventory that customers need. Apply technology where it will help you service your customers better.Step 5Respond immediately to client questions and comments. Provide a stated bla ck eye time for all client communication for example, promise that your business will respond within 24 hours. Although some wait time might be necessary, be sure to keep the wait time as short as possible to demonstrate to clients that you take their communication seriously.Step 6let your customers know that you appreciate their business. Send thank-you notes, or keep a client address list to send out cards at the holidays or birthdays. Doing so places a human face on your business and creates a family atmosphere for the company. bag and client servicingInfrastructure Client ServicesInfrastructure Client Services is the new amalgamation of Infrastructure Services and Client Services. One component designs and manages the campus telephone and data networks and services operates NetID, email, and other campus accounts administers co-located servers and virtual storage lay and runs campus administrative production jobs. The other component are the customer-facing units of UITS whic h provide services to students, faculty, researchers, and staff, including computer labs, online learning, multimedia services, high-performance computing, the 24/7 IT Support Center, workshops and training, departmental workstation support, wind vane development, IT assessments and service agreements, classroom technologies and more.More detailed informationInfrastructure Client ServicesInfrastructure Client Services supports the core building blocks for IT projects and services on the University of Arizona campus. Their function plays a critical role by enabling a service-centric IT delivery model. Infrastructure Client Services is the central computing alkali for facilities and services which support numerous computing and network system for the mental hospital. Student, faculty and staff rely on systems and resources from Infrastructure Client Services to effectively connect, assemble and create. This group enables applications, processes, operating models, enterprises a nd extended enterprises.Some of Infrastructure Client Services Offerings IncludeData Center Services provides stewardship of both academic and administrative data as well as tools for date presentation, visualization, analysis, and collaboration. Management of all syllabuss including Mainframe, Open organisation Servers, System Programmings, High-End Cluster Solutions, Production Scheduling and Control, Enterprise Backup and Storage, System Management, Global Management Center (GMC), SAP Basis Support, Web Hosting Services, Production Integration and Change Management.Network Services LAN/WAN embodiment/Support, Firewall Configuration/Support, Remote Access Services, Network Management and Operations ManagementDesktop Services Electronic Desktop Management, Collaborative Computing (Lotus Noters, Exchange, Backbone Messaging Services, admittance Support and Middleware) and Field ServicesOther Services Directory Services, Identity Management, and Productivity Applications like em ail and calendaring. Determines standards and silk hat Practices for Infrastructure Development within UITS. Promotes Compatible Standards and Best Practices across Campus IT Infrastructure Groups. Develops reusable components for use in Infrastructure Solutions, Project Management, Architecture and Design Engineering, Global Security Services and Asset ManagementFunctions of Infrastructure Client ServicesResponsive with technology, management systems and operations built and optimized to sense and respond to the unique needs of enterprise applications unlilke traditional approaches that retrofit legacy voices or computing infrastructuresCost Effective based on scale economies from operations and technology that can deliver secure slices of a massively scalable IT platformManaged with both visibility and control through web-basedportalsCOMPANY PROFILEKairos Infraventure is a newly launched company in Lucknow. So, working towards building it a brand was a task in its own. We had to knock out new and innovative ways to promote it and make it legislate a level up to the customers satisfaction and reach its goal towards reaching the audience and fulfilling the needs and wants for them and, building an empire for themselves.For the promotion of Kairos we used the local newspapers ,radio and distribution of the pamphlets and generate awareness among the human race . The main idea for promotion was to provide something to the public that hasnt been given to them onward.To carter the consumers and make their plans according to the needs and wants, so that they can provide them with want they want.Infrastructure is the largest maturement industry .with many companies coming up and making this industry rise and shine ,towards a future .With the help of effective client servicing the company can gain many clients and increase their business by huge leaps and bounds. Along with good client servicing the campaign should be advertize to the maximum possible reach. b ecause for every company the maximum amount of audience or public you reach the more chances of increasing clients .Also.as the infrastructure company is growing a great amount ,Kairos has to provide something unique in its own plan to the proposed clients for them to invest in them.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter aims to understand the research methodology establishing a framework of evaluation and revaluation of patriarchal and secondary research. The techniques and concepts used during primary research in order to arrive at findings which are also dealt with and lead to a logical deduction towards the analysis and resultsRESEARCH DESIGNThe research design applied here was wildcat research and descriptive research. alpha Research is one in we dont know about the problem, we have to find about the problem and then work on puzzle out the problem. Whereas in case of descriptive research, we know the problem, we just have to find the solution to the problem. Generally descriptive research design is applied after exploratory research design.Here after doing the secondary research, we found the general perception about the retail baking but then in second physical body we tried to figure out where the difference lies and on what basis the banks differ from each otherRESEARCH TOOLResearch toolThe purpose is to first conduct a intensive secondary research to understand the full impact and implication of the industry, to review and critique the industry norms and reports, on which certain issues shall be selected, which remain unanswered , this shall be further taken up in the next stage of secondary research. This stage shall help to restrict and select only the important question and issue, which inhabit growth and segmentation in the industry.DATA COLLECTIONBoth primary and secondary data have been collected very vigorously second-string data it is collected by the study of various reports. The reports studied under secondary data.THE RESEARCH REPORTThe repor t is the result of a survey which was undertaken in Lucknow city. The objectives of the project has been fulfilled by getting response from the customer associated to these segments through a personal interview in the form of a questionnaire. The responses available through the questionnaire are used to evaluate the requirements for the upcominf infrastructure Companies and the willingness of the customer to purchase its products on future.The project also covers an analysis of the switch over of customers tocompetitors products in the market.THE RESEARCH PROBLEMThe problem formulation is the first step to a successful Research process. Project undertaken the problem of analyzing the customer satisfaction level of the KAIROS and to find the Consumer wants and needs from the upcoming companiesTHE RESEARCH DESIGNThe research design used in the project is exploratory design. The investigation is carried upon the customers in Lucknow city. The reason for choosing this design is to get r esponses from the customers so that their perception about the products of the company and their loyalty could be predicted.THE DATA SOURCEThe data has been taken from two sourcesPrimary data sourceThe primary data source has been collected through questionnaire by personally interviewing each respondent on a number of queries structured in a questionnaire.Secondary data sourceSecondary data was collected from following sourcesPrior research reportsWebsitesBooksNewspaperPersonal consultationTHE AREA OF WORKThe field work is conducted in the Lucknow cityCONCLUSIONWith the past experience of working in Kairos for about one and a half month. The experience and exposure which I gained from the institution has not only helped me to broaden my knowledge about advertising, public relations and client servicing but has also given me a hands on experience on how and what to be done and through what ways can the clients be managed, and also the various things which are required to be asuccess ful person in this field.The main factor that works in promoting any industry is how well is the company advertised and what is the reach of the company.how many people actually know about the company when the go in the market looking among the other companies.what is it the customer or client wants and what are they looking for. Do we have what our client wants? atomic number 18 we providing our customers with something new and different or just following along the old guidelines.All these factors are meant to be kept in mind well before starting anything, because at the end of the day your success and failure only depends on your customers.REFERENCEHiebert, R.E., Ungurait, D.F., and Bohn, T.W. (1988).Mass Media An Introduction to Modern Communication, NY, Longman.Johnston, J. and Zawawi, C. (eds.) (2000), normal Relations Theory and Practice, NSW, Allen Unwin.Kwansah-Aidoo, Kwamena (2001), GSC2410 Public Relations Theory and Processes, Victoria, Monash University.Lasswell, H. (1 948) cited in Littlejohn, S. (1989), Theories of Human Communication Belmont, Wadsworth.Leedy, P.D. (1997), Practical Research Planning and Design, (6th edn), NJ Prentice Hall.Mackey, S. (2000), Public Relations Theory, in J. Johnston and C. Zawawi (eds), PublicRelations Theory and Practice, Sydney, Allen Unwin.

Symbols and Characters of Bread Givers. Essay -- Essays Papers

Symbols and Characters of Bread Givers.One of the significant features of Jewish history throughout many centuries was migration. From the ancient pre-Roman times to medieval Spain to the present years the Jews were expelled from the countries they populated, were forced out by political, cultural and religious persecution, and sometimes were motivated to leave simply to escape economic hardship and to find better emotional state for themselves and for their children. One of the interesting pages of Jewish history was a massive migration from Eastern Europe to America in the period between 1870 an 1920. In that period to a greater extent than two million Jews left their homes in Russia, Po worldly concern, Galicia, and Romania and came to the New World. The heaviest volume of that wave of Jewish emigration came between 1904 and 1908, when more than 650 thousand Jewish emigrants came to the US. The Eastern European Jews fled from pogroms, religious persecution and economic hard ship. We can check off about those times from history text books, but a better way to understand the feelings and thoughts of the struggling emigrants is to learn a story from an insider, who herself lived there and experienced first hand all the challenges and hardships of the emigrants brio. Anzia Yezierskas falsehood Bread Givers is a story that lets the reader to learn about the life of Jewish Emigrants in the early Twentieth Century on Manhattans lower East Side through the eyes of a poor teen Jewish woman who came from Poland and struggled to break out from poverty, from tyrant old traditions of her father, and to find happiness, security, love and understanding in the in the altogether country. The book is rich with symbolism. Different characters and situations in the novel symbolize different parts of the emigrants community and challenges that they organisationd. The characters range from the father, the symbol of the Old World, to the mother who symbolizes str uggles and hopelessness of the women of the Old World, to the sisters and their men, who together represent the choices and opportunities that opened before the young generation of the Jewish emigrants in the New World.The father of the storyteller, Sarah Smolinsky, is an orthodox rabbi, Mosheh Smolinsky, with rigid old-fashioned conceptions, who cannot or simply does not make an effort to realize himself in America and spends his days poisoning lives of his ... ...e them. And they, with all their education, are under my feet, just because I got the money.Through the lives of different characters the author tells about struggles and sacrifices that any emigrants have to face when they come to a new country and try to get on their feet. The first generation usually gains the least, because older people already have late rooted cultural traditions and language barrier that do not let them to assimilate and to feel fully at home in the new place. rightful(prenominal) like Sarahs parents in Bread Givers the majority of first generation older emigrants that I know feel somewhat alienated and disadvantaged in America. many another(prenominal) of them were nave and thought that America was a Golden Amadina where money grows on the trees. Many were intelligent enough to realize that they were going to a tough land of opportunities where they would have to fight and struggle for a spot under the sun. But those who were realistic came here anyway, because they hoped for a better future for their children who could fully benefit from new opportunities, ethnic equality, and democracy that the New World had to offer.BibliographyBread Givers by Anzia Yezierska

Great Gatsby :: essays papers

Great GatsbyThrough the interactions amidst male and female characters, Fitzgerald depicts a renewal of social expectations regarding typical male behavior in the 1920s. In the novel The Great Gatsby, characters such as gobbler Buchanan, Jay Gatsby, George Wilson and Nick Carraway demonstrate behavior that acts to discover and live up to expectations inherent in society. Through their controlling ways, these characters strive to define the typical man in the 1920s.The notion that a mans success bunghole be measured by his possessions becomes evident through the actions of tom, Gatsby and Wilson. These characters strive to obtain more than just material possessions. For example, Tom seems to view the women in his life as mere possessions, a sign of his success and wealth. His attitude and interactions with Daisy, his wife, and Myrtle, his mistress, demonstrate this. Through out the story, Tom does not set up respect or genuine condole with for either woman. Rather, he commits open adultery with Myrtle. Tom makes this affair public because it is just other(prenominal) way of showing-off, another of his possessions and thus boosting his ego. Tom does this without regard for the assault his affairs may bring onto his wife.Daisy comes to represent a treasured and sought possession for both Tom and Gatsby. Although on the surface it appears that Gatsby has an ever-lasting love for Daisy, I thumb that his longing for Daisy stems from his need to recapture a possession which he lost during his youth. Nick comments He talked a clutch about the past and I self-collected that he wanted to recover something, some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy. Furthermore by possessing Daisys love, Gatsby can scorn defeat and feel successful as a man.In the novel, Gatsby goes as far as to view the blue jet light as a symbolical way of holding onto his possession and retention Daisy in some way close to him. After obtaining his breathing in of being reunited with Daisy, the green light begins to lose its symbolic strength. Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one. Now that the realization of his dream has begun, Gatsby needs to feel a great sense of possession or control over Daisy. He may feel the need to obtain another enchanted object to replace the passing game of the symbolic meaning of the light. Now the only enchanted object which he is left to obtain is Daisys complete and everlasting.Great Gatsby essays papersGreat GatsbyThrough the interactions between male and female characters, Fitzgerald depicts a variety of social expectations regarding typical male behavior in the 1920s. In the novel The Great Gatsby, characters such as Tom Buchanan, Jay Gatsby, George Wilson and Nick Carraway demonstrate behavior that acts to maintain and live up to expectations inherent in society. Through their controlling ways, these characters strive to define the typical man in the 1920s.The notion that a mans success can be measured by his possessions becomes evident through the actions of Tom, Gatsby and Wilson. These characters strive to obtain more than just material possessions. For example, Tom seems to view the women in his life as mere possessions, a sign of his success and wealth. His attitude and interactions with Daisy, his wife, and Myrtle, his mistress, demonstrate this. Through out the story, Tom does not show respect or genuine caring for either woman. Rather, he commits open adultery with Myrtle. Tom makes this affair public because it is just another way of showing-off, another of his possessions and thus boosting his ego. Tom does this without regard for the shame his affairs may bring onto his wife.Daisy comes to represent a treasured and sought possession for both Tom and Gatsby. Although on the surface it appears that Gatsby has an ever-lasting love for Daisy, I feel that his longing for Daisy stems from his need to recapture a poss ession which he lost during his youth. Nick comments He talked a lot about the past and I gathered that he wanted to recover something, some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy. Furthermore by possessing Daisys love, Gatsby can reject defeat and feel successful as a man.In the novel, Gatsby goes as far as to view the green light as a symbolic way of holding onto his possession and keeping Daisy in some way close to him. After obtaining his dream of being reunited with Daisy, the green light begins to lose its symbolic strength. Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one. Now that the realization of his dream has begun, Gatsby needs to feel a greater sense of possession or control over Daisy. He may feel the need to obtain another enchanted object to replace the loss of the symbolic meaning of the light. Now the only enchanted object which he is left to obtain is Daisys complete and everlasting.